{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3094821161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3034591","title":"Geometric Optimization of Distributed MIMO Radar Systems With Spatial Distance Constraints","display_name":"Geometric Optimization of Distributed MIMO Radar Systems With Spatial Distance Constraints","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3094821161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3034591","mag":"3094821161"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3034591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3034591","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09244103.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09244103.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069177504","display_name":"Yao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6494-4607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6494-4607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083356813","display_name":"Shixing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7226-1459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shixing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7226-1459","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000823508","display_name":"Tao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5795-8012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5795-8012","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100368030","display_name":"Na Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7966-3568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Na Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":9.5631,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97540085,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"199227","last_page":"199241"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6595300436019897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.6491566896438599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5831615924835205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5291486382484436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.5277367830276489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.5004177093505859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.47336050868034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3759382665157318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24332395195960999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08926710486412048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07803574204444885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.07621589303016663}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6595300436019897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.6491566896438599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5831615924835205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5291486382484436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.5277367830276489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.5004177093505859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.47336050868034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3759382665157318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24332395195960999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08926710486412048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07803574204444885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.07621589303016663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3034591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3034591","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09244103.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4526d1505b914d3d8595b3167deba2a1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4526d1505b914d3d8595b3167deba2a1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 199227-199241 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3034591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3034591","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09244103.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6394804972","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61701088","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322297","display_name":"Jiangsu Development and Reform Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/02fzqav45"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3094821161.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3094821161.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595851582","https://openalex.org/W1482432056","https://openalex.org/W1599703818","https://openalex.org/W1615912037","https://openalex.org/W1966718424","https://openalex.org/W1967578375","https://openalex.org/W1992356409","https://openalex.org/W1996027648","https://openalex.org/W2000317822","https://openalex.org/W2014398556","https://openalex.org/W2059109685","https://openalex.org/W2080555523","https://openalex.org/W2083506609","https://openalex.org/W2100819007","https://openalex.org/W2107080958","https://openalex.org/W2109499745","https://openalex.org/W2114864438","https://openalex.org/W2116965969","https://openalex.org/W2124233298","https://openalex.org/W2129640939","https://openalex.org/W2133475491","https://openalex.org/W2133486451","https://openalex.org/W2135915867","https://openalex.org/W2140019524","https://openalex.org/W2144189112","https://openalex.org/W2150688790","https://openalex.org/W2152079373","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2156163297","https://openalex.org/W2168747298","https://openalex.org/W2170191660","https://openalex.org/W2314763943","https://openalex.org/W2339729700","https://openalex.org/W2475771804","https://openalex.org/W2511333265","https://openalex.org/W2543580944","https://openalex.org/W2562896287","https://openalex.org/W2570531324","https://openalex.org/W2737850882","https://openalex.org/W2756120513","https://openalex.org/W2791918866","https://openalex.org/W2792238983","https://openalex.org/W2964068367","https://openalex.org/W2964202652","https://openalex.org/W3002492686","https://openalex.org/W3007664534","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W6649296961","https://openalex.org/W6699237232"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2545343974","https://openalex.org/W4291895924","https://openalex.org/W1783583321","https://openalex.org/W2038397443","https://openalex.org/W3019402777","https://openalex.org/W2941374357","https://openalex.org/W2112785353","https://openalex.org/W2026727497","https://openalex.org/W2031835531","https://openalex.org/W2388590088"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"consider":[1,190],"a":[2,31,77,93,116,133],"geometric":[3,119],"optimization":[4,120,142,172,198],"problem":[5,121,143],"of":[6,34,130,136,183],"distributed":[7],"multi-input":[8],"multi-output":[9],"(MIMO)":[10],"radar":[11,16,27,48,126],"systems":[12],"with":[13],"widely":[14],"separated":[15],"nodes":[17,61],"in":[18,30],"this":[19,84,164],"article.":[20],"The":[21],"aim":[22],"is":[23,144],"to":[24,67,75,99,151],"maximize":[25,211],"the":[26,38,56,71,101,107,111,140,158,178,181,184,191,206,212,217],"surveillance":[28,103,213],"performance":[29,214],"given":[32],"area":[33],"interest":[35],"by":[36],"adjusting":[37],"node":[39],"positions,":[40],"while":[41,215],"satisfying":[42,216],"practical":[43,148],"spatial":[44,80,117,160],"distance":[45,58,73,137,192,219],"constraints":[46,51,59,74,193],"among":[47],"nodes.":[49],"Typical":[50],"can":[52,188,209],"be,":[53],"for":[54,92,122,147],"example,":[55],"maximum":[57],"between":[60],"and":[62,70,156,175],"fusion":[63],"centers":[64],"(FCs)":[65],"due":[66,150],"limited":[68],"communication":[69],"minimum":[72],"ensure":[76],"better":[78],"system":[79,102,127],"diversity.":[81],"To":[82,162],"achieve":[83],"goal,":[85],"we":[86,114,166],"first":[87],"derive":[88],"an":[89,168],"analytical":[90],"expression":[91,135],"weighted":[94],"coverage":[95],"ratio":[96],"(WCR)":[97],"metric":[98,109],"evaluate":[100],"performance.":[104],"Then,":[105],"using":[106],"WCR":[108],"as":[110],"objective":[112],"function,":[113],"formulate":[115],"constrained":[118],"three":[123],"typical":[124],"MIMO":[125],"architectures,":[128],"each":[129],"which":[131],"has":[132],"unique":[134],"constraints.":[138,161,220],"However,":[139],"formulated":[141],"computationally":[145],"intractable":[146],"scenarios":[149],"its":[152],"high":[153],"dimensionality,":[154],"non-convexity":[155],"especially":[157],"complex":[159,218],"solve":[163],"problem,":[165],"propose":[167],"enhanced":[169,186],"particle":[170],"swarm":[171,197],"(PSO)":[173],"algorithm,":[174],"different":[176],"from":[177],"standard":[179],"PSO,":[180],"particles":[182],"proposed":[185,207],"PSO":[187],"properly":[189],"within":[194],"themselves":[195],"during":[196],"process.":[199],"Finally,":[200],"various":[201],"numerical":[202],"studies":[203],"show":[204],"that":[205],"method":[208],"effectively":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}