{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3096156160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3034219","title":"A Physically Secure, Lightweight Three-Factor and Anonymous User Authentication Protocol for IoT","display_name":"A Physically Secure, Lightweight Three-Factor and Anonymous User Authentication Protocol for IoT","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3096156160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3034219","mag":"3096156160"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3034219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3034219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3034219","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100420216","display_name":"Zhenhua Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8026-4502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhua Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090220120","display_name":"Changbo Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0951-2881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changbo Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0951-2881","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053622471","display_name":"Baocang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2554-4464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baocang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2554-4464","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":8.9115,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97841937,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"195914","last_page":"195928"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8125623464584351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.7128052711486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5912268757820129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/otway\u2013rees-protocol","display_name":"Otway\u2013Rees protocol","score":0.5827602744102478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/challenge-handshake-authentication-protocol","display_name":"Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol","score":0.571142315864563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.5503154397010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5402732491493225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5079463124275208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.5068085789680481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.49869799613952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-primitive","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","score":0.49452921748161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/challenge\u2013response-authentication","display_name":"Challenge\u2013response authentication","score":0.46676868200302124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.41422879695892334}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8125623464584351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.7128052711486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5912268757820129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35788789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320237","display_name":"Otway\u2013Rees protocol","level":5,"score":0.5827602744102478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207828512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060131","display_name":"Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol","level":4,"score":0.571142315864563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.5503154397010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5402732491493225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5079463124275208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.5068085789680481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.49869799613952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.49452921748161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131129157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059963","display_name":"Challenge\u2013response authentication","level":4,"score":0.46676868200302124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.41422879695892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3034219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3034219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6cf7c36cab8d4593adde3f6cf008574e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6cf7c36cab8d4593adde3f6cf008574e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 195914-195928 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3034219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3034219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1206626182","display_name":"\u4e0d\u53ef\u533a\u5206\u6df7\u6dc6\u7684\u65b0\u578b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61972457","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6605096260","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U19B2021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6959637845","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"184100510012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329889","funder_display_name":"Henan Province Science and Technology Innovation Talent Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7622220324","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1736111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8607616813","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61807026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329889","display_name":"Henan Province Science and Technology Innovation Talent Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W766082629","https://openalex.org/W1526070463","https://openalex.org/W1532483809","https://openalex.org/W1561441787","https://openalex.org/W1837982953","https://openalex.org/W1971320317","https://openalex.org/W1976678509","https://openalex.org/W1978099398","https://openalex.org/W1991784512","https://openalex.org/W1999541554","https://openalex.org/W2006061689","https://openalex.org/W2007287631","https://openalex.org/W2028435862","https://openalex.org/W2029693536","https://openalex.org/W2034222716","https://openalex.org/W2046880106","https://openalex.org/W2052908934","https://openalex.org/W2053134894","https://openalex.org/W2054857924","https://openalex.org/W2086576140","https://openalex.org/W2088455835","https://openalex.org/W2095054754","https://openalex.org/W2099340692","https://openalex.org/W2105114022","https://openalex.org/W2110871041","https://openalex.org/W2116374153","https://openalex.org/W2116385997","https://openalex.org/W2116392345","https://openalex.org/W2123841788","https://openalex.org/W2137072047","https://openalex.org/W2153281696","https://openalex.org/W2243569459","https://openalex.org/W2282018707","https://openalex.org/W2504015706","https://openalex.org/W2517336287","https://openalex.org/W2550453031","https://openalex.org/W2570008916","https://openalex.org/W2592056285","https://openalex.org/W2613748018","https://openalex.org/W2691059671","https://openalex.org/W2734150319","https://openalex.org/W2766472919","https://openalex.org/W2775405389","https://openalex.org/W2779269988","https://openalex.org/W2782260529","https://openalex.org/W2797226329","https://openalex.org/W2801237935","https://openalex.org/W2808182497","https://openalex.org/W2810641345","https://openalex.org/W2898274421","https://openalex.org/W2919782006","https://openalex.org/W2952763883","https://openalex.org/W2954885714","https://openalex.org/W2969139182","https://openalex.org/W2974280033","https://openalex.org/W2999802385","https://openalex.org/W3004162218","https://openalex.org/W6676995458"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2377502939","https://openalex.org/W1949088485","https://openalex.org/W2354152081","https://openalex.org/W2348375952","https://openalex.org/W2286035695","https://openalex.org/W2374274463","https://openalex.org/W2001671835","https://openalex.org/W2126677746","https://openalex.org/W1968284308","https://openalex.org/W2352481776"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Internet":[0,26],"of":[1,50,91,96,196,214],"Things":[2],"has":[3,209],"remarkable":[4],"effects":[5],"in":[6,27,45,212,237],"human's":[7],"daily":[8],"life.":[9],"It":[10],"is":[11,235],"important":[12],"for":[13,36,135],"users":[14,41],"and":[15,42,89,101,130,153,163,172,189,217],"sensors":[16,24,52,63],"to":[17,54,65,84,125,155,175],"securely":[18],"access":[19],"data":[20],"collected":[21],"by":[22],"low-cost":[23],"via":[25],"real-time":[28],"IoT":[29,238],"applications.":[30],"There":[31],"exist":[32],"many":[33],"authentication":[34,74,78,103],"protocols":[35],"guaranteeing":[37],"secure":[38,100],"communication":[39],"between":[40],"sensors.":[43,93],"However,":[44],"some":[46,165],"protocols,":[47,205],"the":[48,62,73,85,92,113,139,142,157,177,194,197,202,206,210,232],"privacy":[49],"unattended":[51],"subjected":[53,64],"capture":[55],"node":[56],"attacks":[57,68],"cannot":[58],"be":[59,81],"guaranteed.":[60],"Moreover,":[61,180],"physical":[66,114],"tampering":[67],"can":[69,111],"still":[70],"execute":[71],"normally":[72],"process.":[75],"Besides,":[76],"an":[77],"protocol":[79,104,110,144,208,234],"should":[80],"lightweight":[82,102,178],"due":[83],"restricted":[86],"computing":[87],"power":[88],"storage":[90],"The":[94,108],"idea":[95],"designing":[97],"a":[98,132,221],"more":[99],"engender":[105],"this":[106],"article.":[107],"proposed":[109,143,198,207,233],"provide":[112],"security":[115,158,183,191,195],"through":[116],"physically":[117],"unclonable":[118],"function":[119],"(PUF),":[120],"require":[121],"no":[122],"additional":[123],"phase":[124],"update":[126],"challenge-response":[127],"pairs":[128],"(CRPs),":[129],"store":[131],"single":[133],"CRP":[134],"each":[136],"sensor.":[137],"At":[138],"same":[140],"time,":[141],"utilizes":[145],"three":[146],"factors,":[147,162],"such":[148],"as":[149],"personal":[150],"biometrics,":[151],"smartcard":[152],"password,":[154],"strengthen":[156],"contrasting":[159],"with":[160,201],"two":[161],"manipulates":[164],"basic":[166],"cryptographic":[167],"operations,":[168],"including":[169],"bitwise-exclusive-OR":[170],"(XOR)":[171],"hash":[173],"function,":[174],"achieve":[176],"performance.":[179],"both":[181],"formal":[182],"analysis":[184,192],"based":[185],"on":[186,224],"Real-Or-Random":[187],"(ROR)":[188],"informal":[190],"demonstrate":[193],"protocol.":[199],"Compared":[200],"existing":[203],"related":[204],"advantage":[211],"terms":[213],"security,":[215],"functionality":[216],"computation":[218],"costs.":[219],"Finally,":[220],"NS3":[222],"simulation":[223],"measuring":[225],"various":[226],"network":[227],"performance":[228],"parameters":[229],"indicates":[230],"that":[231],"practical":[236],"environment.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}