{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3093597327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3033289","title":"A Deep Learning-Based Hybrid Framework for Object Detection and Recognition in Autonomous Driving","display_name":"A Deep Learning-Based Hybrid Framework for Object Detection and Recognition in Autonomous Driving","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3093597327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3033289","mag":"3093597327"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3033289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3033289","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09238023.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09238023.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100784416","display_name":"Yanfen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7777-7518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanfen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014796181","display_name":"Hanxiang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3826-6472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanxiang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075983792","display_name":"L. Minh Dang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7691-3453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Minh Dang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100701430","display_name":"Tan N. Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7734-2058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tan N. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065218877","display_name":"Dongil Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5763-570X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongil Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008360751","display_name":"Ahyun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7788-1921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahyun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["City & Geospatial ICT Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City & Geospatial ICT Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110276910","display_name":"In\u2010Sung Jang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Insung Jang","raw_affiliation_strings":["City & Geospatial ICT Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City & Geospatial ICT Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031881955","display_name":"Hyeonjoon Moon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7668-3838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyeonjoon Moon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100784416"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":7.8514,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":151,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98111643,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"194228","last_page":"194239"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8189408183097839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6503943800926208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6420062780380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6412771344184875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.5357356071472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5039612650871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4971471130847931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-neuroscience-of-visual-object-recognition","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","score":0.475301593542099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4671606123447418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity","display_name":"Identity (music)","score":0.4551915228366852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32438379526138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.09845927357673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07646128535270691}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8189408183097839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6503943800926208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6420062780380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6412771344184875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.5357356071472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5039612650871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4971471130847931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64876066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141226","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","level":3,"score":0.475301593542099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4671606123447418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.4551915228366852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32438379526138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.09845927357673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07646128535270691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3033289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3033289","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09238023.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:afa737affc364f47a914b8a1c24462fc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/afa737affc364f47a914b8a1c24462fc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 194228-194239 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3033289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3033289","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09238023.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G342704958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funded","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5396177265","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020R1A6A1A03038540","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322093","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093597327.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093597327.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6908809","https://openalex.org/W259216465","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2080873731","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2559085405","https://openalex.org/W2612445135","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2738279610","https://openalex.org/W2741087535","https://openalex.org/W2742332513","https://openalex.org/W2796347433","https://openalex.org/W2798792726","https://openalex.org/W2807456624","https://openalex.org/W2883223908","https://openalex.org/W2950772592","https://openalex.org/W2955425717","https://openalex.org/W2962851801","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2970618130","https://openalex.org/W2980439114","https://openalex.org/W2997747012","https://openalex.org/W2998844432","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3034566037","https://openalex.org/W3035564946","https://openalex.org/W3044326989","https://openalex.org/W3048489997","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W4300235091","https://openalex.org/W6600284362","https://openalex.org/W6609683064","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6639102338","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6752170072","https://openalex.org/W6762718338","https://openalex.org/W6777046832"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2737719445","https://openalex.org/W2114275278","https://openalex.org/W4292830139","https://openalex.org/W4319309705","https://openalex.org/W1489511283","https://openalex.org/W2974914859","https://openalex.org/W2026565050","https://openalex.org/W2110244802","https://openalex.org/W2163728705","https://openalex.org/W949345935"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"a":[1,31,71,118],"key":[2],"technology":[3,137],"of":[4,14,17,33,86,95,109,115,130,188,205,212],"intelligent":[5,9],"transportation":[6],"system,":[7],"the":[8,12,37,42,84,89,113,128,144,148,185,197,202,206,216],"vehicle":[10],"is":[11,29,138],"carrier":[13],"comprehensive":[15],"integration":[16],"many":[18,52],"technologies.":[19],"Although":[20],"vision-based":[21,72],"autonomous":[22,46],"driving":[23,47],"has":[24,48],"shown":[25],"excellent":[26],"prospects,":[27],"there":[28],"still":[30],"problem":[32],"how":[34],"to":[35,76,105,126,140,215],"analyze":[36],"complicated":[38],"traffic":[39,90],"situation":[40],"by":[41,55,193],"collected":[43],"data.":[44],"Recently,":[45],"been":[49],"formulated":[50],"as":[51,60],"tasks":[53],"separately":[54],"using":[56],"different":[57,160],"models,":[58],"such":[59],"object":[61],"detection":[62,203],"task":[63,165],"and":[64,78,82,142,168],"intention":[65,85],"recognition":[66],"task.":[67],"In":[68,200],"this":[69,96],"study,":[70],"system":[73,172],"was":[74,103,124,166,179],"developed":[75],"detect":[77,106],"identity":[79],"various":[80],"objects":[81,110],"predict":[83],"pedestrians":[87],"in":[88,147],"scene.":[91],"The":[92],"main":[93],"contributions":[94],"research":[97],"are":[98,191],"(1)":[99],"an":[100,153,170,210],"optimized":[101,189,207],"model":[102],"presented":[104],"10":[107],"kinds":[108],"based":[111],"on":[112],"structure":[114],"YOLOv4;":[116],"(2)":[117],"fine-tuned":[119],"Part":[120],"Affinity":[121],"Fields":[122],"approach":[123],"proposed":[125],"estimate":[127],"pose":[129],"pedestrians;":[131],"(3)":[132],"Explainable":[133],"Artificial":[134],"Intelligence":[135],"(XAI)":[136],"added":[139],"explain":[141],"assist":[143],"estimation":[145],"results":[146,182],"risk":[149],"assessment":[150],"phase;":[151],"(4)":[152],"elaborate":[154],"self-driving":[155],"dataset":[156],"that":[157,184],"includes":[158],"several":[159],"subsets":[161],"for":[162],"each":[163],"corresponding":[164],"introduced;":[167],"(5)":[169],"end-to-end":[171],"containing":[173],"multiple":[174],"models":[175],"with":[176],"high":[177],"accuracy":[178],"developed.":[180],"Experimental":[181],"proved":[183],"total":[186],"parameters":[187],"YOLOv4":[190,208],"reduced":[192],"74%,":[194],"which":[195],"satisfies":[196],"real-time":[198],"capability.":[199],"addition,":[201],"precision":[204],"achieved":[209],"improvement":[211],"2.6%":[213],"compared":[214],"state-of-the-art.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
