{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3093478721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3032699","title":"Human Activity Recognition Based on Gramian Angular Field and Deep Convolutional Neural Network","display_name":"Human Activity Recognition Based on Gramian Angular Field and Deep Convolutional Neural Network","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3093478721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3032699","mag":"3093478721"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3032699","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3032699","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09234451.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09234451.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089196186","display_name":"Hongji Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6916-348X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongji Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6916-348X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100421016","display_name":"Juan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3300-0766"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3300-0766","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hui Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0246-2527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0246-2527","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409495","display_name":"Qiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8600-5886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020381488","display_name":"Shidi Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shidi Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071672440","display_name":"Tiankuo Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiankuo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101897294","display_name":"Xiaojie Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3216-9623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojie Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089196186"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.689,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":151,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97009538,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"199393","last_page":"199405"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9667999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.957099974155426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8163784742355347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7715326547622681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7301682829856873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7128406763076782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.5487180948257446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5182988047599792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4593084752559662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.45898425579071045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3329432010650635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.1575733721256256}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8163784742355347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7715326547622681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7301682829856873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7128406763076782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.5487180948257446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5182988047599792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4593084752559662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.45898425579071045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3329432010650635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.1575733721256256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3032699","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3032699","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09234451.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f29ce44e95cd4182a02048ebc8255325","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f29ce44e95cd4182a02048ebc8255325","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 199393-199405 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3032699","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3032699","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09234451.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5367376108","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFC0831001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5967079226","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2016FM29","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6119192023","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFC0803400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6300838865","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFC0803400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7876722806","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61771292","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093478721.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093478721.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W134960717","https://openalex.org/W1923002919","https://openalex.org/W1924178503","https://openalex.org/W2002261403","https://openalex.org/W2012557818","https://openalex.org/W2017634428","https://openalex.org/W2096731057","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2101713460","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2126511896","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2206638072","https://openalex.org/W2270470215","https://openalex.org/W2294147839","https://openalex.org/W2342792048","https://openalex.org/W2507653100","https://openalex.org/W2534178595","https://openalex.org/W2563686712","https://openalex.org/W2623595444","https://openalex.org/W2736191430","https://openalex.org/W2794833149","https://openalex.org/W2811146364","https://openalex.org/W2899338413","https://openalex.org/W2907214745","https://openalex.org/W2907255073","https://openalex.org/W2913706771","https://openalex.org/W2938260150","https://openalex.org/W2952517693","https://openalex.org/W2963282966","https://openalex.org/W2963840672","https://openalex.org/W2963866024","https://openalex.org/W2963993350","https://openalex.org/W2965479259","https://openalex.org/W2974089216","https://openalex.org/W3004252244","https://openalex.org/W6605479355","https://openalex.org/W6675357634","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6696085341","https://openalex.org/W6697021769","https://openalex.org/W6725087935","https://openalex.org/W6761526582"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3029198973","https://openalex.org/W4380075502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,4,12,50,54,64,70,81,87,114,121,126,131,148,157,195,206,209],"development":[2],"of":[3,6,31,66,72,208],"Internet":[5],"things":[7],"(IoT)":[8],"and":[9,21,33,77,105,163,186,202],"wearable":[10],"devices,":[11],"sensor-based":[13,88],"human":[14],"activity":[15,179],"recognition":[16],"(HAR)":[17],"has":[18,59],"attracted":[19],"more":[20,22],"attentions":[23],"from":[24],"researchers":[25],"due":[26],"to":[27,48,84,119,161],"its":[28],"outstanding":[29],"characteristics":[30],"convenience":[32],"privacy.":[34],"Meanwhile,":[35],"deep":[36,106,140],"learning":[37],"algorithms":[38],"can":[39,90],"extract":[40],"high-dimensional":[41],"features":[42,149],"automatically,":[43],"which":[44,146,181,204],"makes":[45],"it":[46],"possible":[47],"achieve":[49],"end-to-end":[51],"learning.":[52],"Especially":[53],"convolutional":[55],"neural":[56],"network":[57,142],"(CNN)":[58],"been":[60],"widely":[61],"used":[62,118],"in":[63,110],"field":[65,103],"computer":[67],"vision,":[68],"while":[69],"influence":[71],"environmental":[73],"background,":[74],"camera":[75],"shielding,":[76],"other":[78],"factors":[79],"are":[80,108,174,182,191],"biggest":[82],"challenges":[83],"it.":[85],"However,":[86],"HAR":[89,97,185],"circumvent":[91],"these":[92],"problems":[93],"well.":[94],"Two":[95],"improved":[96,139],"methods":[98],"based":[99],"on":[100,176],"Gramian":[101],"angular":[102],"(GAF)":[104],"CNN":[107,141],"proposed":[109,210],"this":[111],"paper.":[112],"Firstly,":[113],"GAF":[115],"algorithm":[116],"is":[117,144,159],"transform":[120],"one-dimensional":[122],"sensor":[123],"data":[124,165],"into":[125],"two-dimensional":[127],"images.":[128],"Then,":[129],"through":[130],"multi-dilated":[132],"kernel":[133],"residual":[134],"(Mdk-Res)":[135],"module,":[136],"a":[137],"new":[138],"Mdk-ResNet":[143],"proposed,":[145],"extracts":[147],"among":[150],"sampling":[151],"points":[152],"with":[153],"different":[154,168],"intervals.":[155],"Furthermore,":[156],"Fusion-Mdk-ResNet":[158],"adopted":[160],"process":[162],"fuse":[164],"collected":[166],"by":[167,193],"sensors":[169],"automatically.":[170],"The":[171,188],"comparative":[172],"experiments":[173],"conducted":[175],"three":[177],"public":[178],"datasets,":[180],"WISDM,":[183],"UCI":[184],"OPPORTUNITY.":[187],"optimal":[189],"results":[190],"obtained":[192],"using":[194],"indexes":[196],"such":[197],"as":[198],"accuracy,":[199],"precision,":[200],"recall":[201],"F-measure,":[203],"verifies":[205],"effectiveness":[207],"methods.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-06-03T09:05:47.796612","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}