{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3090849085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3028498","title":"Tunneling Trust Into the Blockchain: A Merkle Based Proof System for Structured Documents","display_name":"Tunneling Trust Into the Blockchain: A Merkle Based Proof System for Structured Documents","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3090849085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3028498","mag":"3090849085"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3028498","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3028498","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09211401.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09211401.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082281016","display_name":"Francesco Bruschi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5669-2788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Bruschi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5669-2788","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062883620","display_name":"Vincenzo Rana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6851-1737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincenzo Rana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6851-1737","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064151874","display_name":"Alessio Pagani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8404-8890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessio Pagani","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Alan Turing Institute, London, U.K","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8404-8890","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014181688","display_name":"Donatella Sciuto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9030-6940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donatella Sciuto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9030-6940","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082281016"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.2276,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90852633,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"103758","last_page":"103771"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9782000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13999","display_name":"Digital Rights Management and Security","score":0.9682999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8646275401115417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merkle-tree","display_name":"Merkle tree","score":0.8510470390319824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.8167086839675903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.806901216506958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.6208811402320862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xml","display_name":"XML","score":0.4817200303077698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.45210880041122437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4331549406051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.43235689401626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/container","display_name":"Container (type theory)","score":0.41377946734428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.27544939517974854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2506696283817291}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8646275401115417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205383636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14746","display_name":"Merkle tree","level":4,"score":0.8510470390319824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.8167086839675903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.806901216506958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.6208811402320862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8797682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2115","display_name":"XML","level":2,"score":0.4817200303077698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.45210880041122437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4331549406051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.43235689401626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.41377946734428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.27544939517974854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2506696283817291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7608002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477202","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3028498","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3028498","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09211401.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9a97478d83534b3c9a38f625ae39b65c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9a97478d83534b3c9a38f625ae39b65c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 103758-103771 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1202380","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/1202380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:140633","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/140633","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402478","display_name":"INFM-OAR (INFN Catania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210116497","host_organization_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116497"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3028498","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3028498","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09211401.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3090849085.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3090849085.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W140323130","https://openalex.org/W141761747","https://openalex.org/W1572490578","https://openalex.org/W1649481791","https://openalex.org/W1969344535","https://openalex.org/W1997911919","https://openalex.org/W2047168811","https://openalex.org/W2075144441","https://openalex.org/W2087307736","https://openalex.org/W2090637028","https://openalex.org/W2160638522","https://openalex.org/W2533941064","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2611719544","https://openalex.org/W2769046700","https://openalex.org/W2886562467","https://openalex.org/W2914129986","https://openalex.org/W2943773008","https://openalex.org/W2978032083","https://openalex.org/W3100048002","https://openalex.org/W4205413750","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6605752786","https://openalex.org/W6605793882"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297798448","https://openalex.org/W4388187043","https://openalex.org/W4285161539","https://openalex.org/W2982625131","https://openalex.org/W4406264591","https://openalex.org/W4396636834","https://openalex.org/W3092627261","https://openalex.org/W4396241386","https://openalex.org/W4399333949","https://openalex.org/W4285166115"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,113],"idea":[1],"of":[2,8,20,24,30,49,63,91,110,134,150],"Smart":[3],"contracts":[4,59,75],"foresees":[5],"the":[6,21,28,61,70,74,108,151],"possibility":[7],"automating":[9],"contractual":[10],"clauses":[11],"using":[12],"hardware":[13],"and":[14,17],"software":[15],"tools":[16],"devices.":[18],"One":[19],"main":[22],"perspectives":[23],"their":[25],"implementation":[26],"is":[27,101],"automation":[29],"interactions":[31],"such":[32,42],"as":[33,43,57,95],"bets,":[34],"collaterals,":[35],"prediction":[36],"markets,":[37],"insurances.":[38],"As":[39],"blockchain":[40],"platforms,":[41],"Ethereum,":[44],"offer":[45],"very":[46],"strong":[47],"guarantees":[48],"untampered,":[50],"deterministic":[51],"execution,":[52],"that":[53],"can":[54,115],"be":[55,117],"exploited":[56],"smart":[58,123],"substrate,":[60],"problem":[62],"how":[64],"to":[65,103,125,138,146],"provide":[66,130],"reliable":[67],"information":[68],"from":[69],"\u201coutside":[71],"world\u201d":[72],"into":[73],"becomes":[76],"central.":[77],"In":[78],"this":[79],"article,":[80],"we":[81],"propose":[82],"a":[83,87,122],"system":[84],"based":[85],"on":[86,107],"Merkle":[88],"tree":[89],"representation":[90],"structured":[92],"documents":[93],"(such":[94],"all":[96],"XML),":[97],"with":[98],"which":[99,143],"it":[100,137],"possible":[102],"generate":[104],"compact":[105],"proofs":[106,114],"content":[109],"web":[111],"documents.":[112],"then":[116],"efficiently":[118],"checked":[119],"on-chain":[120],"by":[121],"contract,":[124],"trigger":[126],"contract":[127],"action.":[128],"We":[129],"an":[131,148],"end-to-end":[132],"proof":[133],"concept,":[135],"applying":[136],"real":[139],"use":[140],"case":[141],"scenarios,":[142],"allows":[144],"us":[145],"give":[147],"estimate":[149],"costs.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2020-10-08T00:00:00"}