{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3091333932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3027946","title":"Defending Against Flush+Reload Attack With DRAM Cache by Bypassing Shared SRAM Cache","display_name":"Defending Against Flush+Reload Attack With DRAM Cache by Bypassing Shared SRAM Cache","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3091333932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3027946","mag":"3091333932"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3027946","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3027946","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09210067.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09210067.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007447674","display_name":"Minwoo Jang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2704-0075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Minwoo Jang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2704-0075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018248798","display_name":"Seungkyu Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-9285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seungkyu Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-9285","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jaeha Kung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2027-8531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaeha Kung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2027-8531","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101885459","display_name":"Daehoon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0837-0877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daehoon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0837-0877","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007447674"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.136,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56676375,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"179837","last_page":"179844"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10478","display_name":"Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8574023246765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.8463606834411621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache-pollution","display_name":"Cache pollution","score":0.6857147812843323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache-algorithms","display_name":"Cache algorithms","score":0.6768735647201538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache-invalidation","display_name":"Cache invalidation","score":0.6590677499771118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache-coloring","display_name":"Cache coloring","score":0.6151205897331238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/page-cache","display_name":"Page cache","score":0.5821013450622559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-cache","display_name":"Smart Cache","score":0.5555110573768616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bus-sniffing","display_name":"Bus sniffing","score":0.44068434834480286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.4320821166038513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-random-access-memory","display_name":"Static random-access memory","score":0.42611217498779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.41707903146743774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.41680893301963806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.36115923523902893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cpu-cache","display_name":"CPU cache","score":0.3416275382041931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.21239086985588074}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8574023246765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.8463606834411621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113166858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5015981","display_name":"Cache pollution","level":5,"score":0.6857147812843323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38556500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13404475","display_name":"Cache algorithms","level":4,"score":0.6768735647201538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25536678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5015977","display_name":"Cache invalidation","level":5,"score":0.6590677499771118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201148951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5015976","display_name":"Cache coloring","level":4,"score":0.6151205897331238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36340418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7124288","display_name":"Page cache","level":5,"score":0.5821013450622559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167713795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352090","display_name":"Smart Cache","level":5,"score":0.5555110573768616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51185590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1017228","display_name":"Bus sniffing","level":5,"score":0.44068434834480286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4320821166038513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68043766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267416","display_name":"Static random-access memory","level":2,"score":0.42611217498779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.41707903146743774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.41680893301963806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.36115923523902893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189783530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352090","display_name":"CPU cache","level":3,"score":0.3416275382041931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.21239086985588074}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3027946","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3027946","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09210067.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fc61e8fa306e472f84064b4c37b6db9d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fc61e8fa306e472f84064b4c37b6db9d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 179837-179844 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3027946","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3027946","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09210067.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2162281552","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2018R1A5A1060031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2263505442","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018R1A5A1060031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2274666155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014-0-00065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3535692960","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2018R1A5A1060031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3770179954","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2018R1A5A1060031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4278702387","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014-0-00065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5482184501","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2018R1A5A1060031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6981114264","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018R1A5A1060031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7000995460","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2018R1A5A1060031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7710172417","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014-0-00065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8837196568","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2020R1C1C1013315","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3091333932.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3091333932.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1427174644","https://openalex.org/W1488058190","https://openalex.org/W1555558540","https://openalex.org/W2082982763","https://openalex.org/W2148797773","https://openalex.org/W2153378664","https://openalex.org/W2255548496","https://openalex.org/W2337480911","https://openalex.org/W2340076492","https://openalex.org/W2349022273","https://openalex.org/W2406174928","https://openalex.org/W2471077310","https://openalex.org/W2474451066","https://openalex.org/W2566158619","https://openalex.org/W2613674830","https://openalex.org/W2625555681","https://openalex.org/W2625850712","https://openalex.org/W2730965233","https://openalex.org/W2751989915","https://openalex.org/W2781723315","https://openalex.org/W2794581605","https://openalex.org/W2810584084","https://openalex.org/W2883613460","https://openalex.org/W2903932107","https://openalex.org/W2963311060","https://openalex.org/W3141150936","https://openalex.org/W4235543475","https://openalex.org/W6629297748","https://openalex.org/W6703549403","https://openalex.org/W6720284283","https://openalex.org/W6720847907","https://openalex.org/W6749987604","https://openalex.org/W6753443810","https://openalex.org/W7005867534"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161101294","https://openalex.org/W2148571123","https://openalex.org/W2026179701","https://openalex.org/W4380881125","https://openalex.org/W2184371594","https://openalex.org/W4312759433","https://openalex.org/W2302406141","https://openalex.org/W2034465099","https://openalex.org/W2152423944","https://openalex.org/W2113875634"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cache":[0,269],"side-channel":[1,18],"attack":[2,21],"is":[3],"one":[4],"of":[5,126,158,241],"the":[6,42,58,75,80,102,114,132,136,139,144,159,172,192,198,217,220,223,230,234,242,249,253,257,311,323,327,330,338,342,347],"critical":[7],"security":[8,106],"threats":[9],"to":[10,25,70,187,283,294],"modern":[11,66],"computing":[12,67],"systems.":[13],"As":[14],"a":[15,35,277,290,304],"representative":[16],"cache":[17,37,62,73,78,104,117,120,141,152,175,189,195,215,239,259,295],"attack,":[19],"Flush+Reload":[20,145],"allows":[22],"an":[23,98,127,273],"attacker":[24,137,160,218,231,254,328,348],"steal":[26],"confidential":[27,43],"information":[28],"(e.g.,":[29,63],"private":[30,301],"encryption":[31],"key)":[32],"by":[33,167,227],"monitoring":[34],"victim's":[36,243,258],"access":[38,244,260],"patterns":[39],"while":[40,196,344],"generating":[41],"values.":[44],"Meanwhile,":[45],"for":[46,105,280,307,341],"providing":[47],"high":[48,90],"performance":[49,339],"with":[50,177,346],"memory-intensive":[51],"applications":[52],"that":[53,100,319,349],"do":[54],"not":[55,186,336],"fit":[56],"in":[57,93,171,276,297,310],"on-chip":[59],"SRAM-based":[60,76],"last-level":[61,77],"L3":[64,115,208,214],"cache),":[65],"systems":[68],"start":[69],"deploy":[71],"DRAM":[72,103,174,194,238,264,313],"between":[74],"and":[79,161,182,207,271,299,303,351,356],"main":[81],"memory":[82],"DRAM,":[83],"which":[84],"can":[85],"provide":[86],"low":[87],"latency":[88],"and/or":[89],"bandwidth.":[91],"However,":[92],"this":[94,148],"work,":[95],"we":[96,266],"propose":[97],"approach":[99],"exploits":[101],"rather":[107],"than":[108],"performance,":[109],"called":[110],"ByCA.":[111],"ByCA":[112,130,150,180,212,247,287,320,334],"bypasses":[113,213],"shared":[116],"when":[118,135,216,326],"accessing":[119],"blocks":[121,125,153,157,190,199,225,235,296,354],"suspected":[122,154],"as":[123,155],"target":[124,140,156,224,331,353],"attacker.":[128],"Consequently,":[129,246],"eliminates":[131,248,322],"timing":[133,250,324],"difference":[134],"accesses":[138,222],"blocks,":[142],"nullifying":[143],"attacks.":[146],"To":[147],"end,":[149],"keeps":[151],"stores":[162],"their":[163],"states":[164],"(i.e.,":[165,204],"flushed":[166,226],"clflush":[168,178,184],"or":[169,219],"not)":[170],"L4":[173,193,237,263,312],"even":[176],"instruction;":[179],"re-defines":[181],"re-implements":[183],"instruction":[185],"flush":[188],"from":[191,200,236],"flushing":[197],"other":[201],"level":[202],"caches":[203],"L1,":[205],"L2,":[206],"caches).":[209],"In":[210],"addition,":[211],"victim":[221,343],"clflush,":[228],"making":[229],"always":[232],"obtain":[233],"regardless":[240],"patterns.":[245,261],"difference,":[251],"thus":[252],"cannot":[255],"monitor":[256],"For":[262],"cache,":[265],"implement":[267],"Alloy":[268],"design":[270],"use":[272],"unused":[274],"bit":[275,292],"tag":[278,305],"entry":[279,306],"each":[281,308],"block":[282,309],"store":[284],"its":[285],"state.":[286],"only":[288],"requires":[289],"single":[291],"extension":[293],"L1":[298],"L2":[300],"caches,":[302],"cache.":[314],"Our":[315],"experimental":[316],"results":[317],"show":[318,337],"completely":[321],"differences":[325],"reloads":[329,352],"blocks.":[332],"Furthermore,":[333],"does":[335],"degradation":[340],"co-running":[345],"flushes":[350],"temporally":[355],"repetitively.":[357]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
