{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3090386302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3027664","title":"Comprehensive NILM Framework: Device Type Classification and Device Activity Status Monitoring Using Capsule Network","display_name":"Comprehensive NILM Framework: Device Type Classification and Device Activity Status Monitoring Using Capsule Network","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3090386302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3027664","mag":"3090386302"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3027664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3027664","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09208663.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09208663.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043059816","display_name":"Dipayan Saha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9785-7024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183697816","display_name":"Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05a1qpv97","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183697816"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dipayan Saha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9785-7024","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183697816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012800582","display_name":"Arnab Bhattacharjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2798-2350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183697816","display_name":"Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05a1qpv97","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183697816"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arnab Bhattacharjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2798-2350","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183697816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036874381","display_name":"Dhiman Chowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9210-8470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dhiman Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9210-8470","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056076609","display_name":"Eklas Hossain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2332-8095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129871486","display_name":"Oregon Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03c36x865","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129871486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eklas Hossain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon Renewable Energy Center (OREC), Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls, OR, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2332-8095","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon Renewable Energy Center (OREC), Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129871486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089606075","display_name":"M. M. Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0759-9696"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Moinul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Reliability Council of Texas, Taylor, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0759-9696","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Reliability Council of Texas, Taylor, TX, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.1447,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78463104,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"179995","last_page":"180009"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11954","display_name":"Energy Efficiency and Management","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.750118613243103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5880165696144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5559925436973572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5542954206466675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5061494708061218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5001876354217529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4861850142478943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.46511605381965637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metering-mode","display_name":"Metering mode","score":0.45751920342445374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.4341510832309723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4333916902542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4115937352180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39472055435180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35528063774108887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.3393059968948364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15468189120292664}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.750118613243103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5880165696144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5559925436973572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5542954206466675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5061494708061218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5001876354217529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4861850142478943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.46511605381965637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30905978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815598","display_name":"Metering mode","level":2,"score":0.45751920342445374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.4341510832309723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4333916902542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4115937352180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39472055435180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35528063774108887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.3393059968948364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15468189120292664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3027664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3027664","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09208663.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:68bf7b2311c747db9dec644c3a93bcb8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/68bf7b2311c747db9dec644c3a93bcb8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 179995-180009 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3027664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3027664","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09208663.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3090386302.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3090386302.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1479651931","https://openalex.org/W1996944908","https://openalex.org/W1998087272","https://openalex.org/W2013601308","https://openalex.org/W2020517213","https://openalex.org/W2023192197","https://openalex.org/W2060715314","https://openalex.org/W2082734177","https://openalex.org/W2116313798","https://openalex.org/W2123070597","https://openalex.org/W2123910460","https://openalex.org/W2133079185","https://openalex.org/W2135325991","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2209987497","https://openalex.org/W2248624141","https://openalex.org/W2315981131","https://openalex.org/W2340432652","https://openalex.org/W2465358378","https://openalex.org/W2547781312","https://openalex.org/W2557152923","https://openalex.org/W2560764283","https://openalex.org/W2586240443","https://openalex.org/W2586942889","https://openalex.org/W2764060181","https://openalex.org/W2778405665","https://openalex.org/W2806858326","https://openalex.org/W2809647353","https://openalex.org/W2810038309","https://openalex.org/W2888498417","https://openalex.org/W2902358839","https://openalex.org/W2905855653","https://openalex.org/W2912669475","https://openalex.org/W2924828225","https://openalex.org/W2938316190","https://openalex.org/W2942178783","https://openalex.org/W2943836050","https://openalex.org/W2944449563","https://openalex.org/W2953171230","https://openalex.org/W2959088965","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963703618","https://openalex.org/W2963846422","https://openalex.org/W2963999359","https://openalex.org/W2970246438","https://openalex.org/W2970627912","https://openalex.org/W2975553753","https://openalex.org/W2990083057","https://openalex.org/W2994699168","https://openalex.org/W2999259076","https://openalex.org/W3098700993","https://openalex.org/W3099873379","https://openalex.org/W3102977103","https://openalex.org/W3106187997","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6729591605","https://openalex.org/W6743446608","https://openalex.org/W6767490896","https://openalex.org/W6768068186"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384104878","https://openalex.org/W2360352189","https://openalex.org/W2054457760","https://openalex.org/W2351145417","https://openalex.org/W4288765096","https://openalex.org/W2082239223","https://openalex.org/W4382774707","https://openalex.org/W2377181419","https://openalex.org/W25930971","https://openalex.org/W3185156046"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-intrusive":[0],"load":[1,40],"monitoring":[2,175],"(NILM)":[3],"discerns":[4],"the":[5,17,25,38,52,113,123,135,140,145,232,248,251],"individual":[6,26,124,161,215],"electrical":[7],"appliances":[8,45],"of":[9,44,54,106,122,144,206,250],"a":[10,29,42,68,82,104,127],"residential":[11],"or":[12],"commercial":[13],"building":[14],"by":[15],"disaggregating":[16],"accumulated":[18],"energy":[19,60,76,108,183],"consumption":[20,184],"data":[21,110,185],"without":[22],"accessing":[23],"to":[24,36,72,99,118,133,230],"components":[27],"applying":[28],"single-point":[30],"sensor.":[31],"The":[32,147,220],"fundamental":[33],"concept":[34],"is":[35,90,97,116,131],"decompose":[37],"aggregate":[39],"into":[41],"family":[43],"that":[46],"can":[47,64],"explain":[48],"its":[49],"characteristics.":[50],"In":[51,79],"age":[53],"smart":[55,73],"grid":[56],"networks":[57],"and":[58,74,112,167,171,208,217,226],"sophisticated":[59],"management":[61],"infrastructures,":[62],"NILM":[63,84,154],"be":[65],"considered":[66],"as":[67,212,214],"significant":[69],"tool":[70],"pertaining":[71],"inexpensive":[75],"metering":[77],"technique.":[78],"this":[80],"article,":[81],"novel":[83],"solution":[85],"based":[86,138],"on":[87,139,203],"capsule":[88,114],"network":[89,95],"proposed,":[91],"where":[92],"convolutional":[93],"neural":[94],"(CNN)":[96],"employed":[98],"extract":[100],"potential":[101],"features":[102],"from":[103,160,181],"set":[105,210],"non-overlapping":[107],"measurement":[109],"segments":[111],"architecture":[115],"designed":[117],"predict":[119],"class":[120,142],"probabilities":[121,143],"segments.":[125,146],"Then,":[126],"decision":[128],"making":[129],"algorithm":[130],"proposed":[132,252],"compute":[134],"final":[136],"classification":[137,159,201],"predicted":[141],"presented":[148,221],"research":[149],"design":[150],"comprises":[151],"two":[152],"unique":[153],"applications":[155],"-":[156],"device":[157,172,199],"type":[158,200],"sensor":[162],"recordings":[163],"stored":[164],"in":[165,187,228,245],"COOLL":[166],"PLAID":[168],"public":[169],"databases,":[170],"activity":[173],"status":[174],"at":[176],"any":[177],"particular":[178],"time":[179],"instant":[180],"aggregated":[182],"recorded":[186],"UK-DALE":[188],"database.":[189],"Additionally,":[190],"substantial":[191],"experimental":[192],"investigations":[193],"have":[194],"been":[195],"carried":[196],"out":[197],"for":[198,236],"accounting":[202],"various":[204],"types":[205],"train":[207],"test":[209],"distributions":[211],"well":[213],"instrument":[216],"house":[218],"classifications.":[219],"framework":[222],"analyzes":[223],"different":[224],"parameters":[225],"metrics":[227],"depth":[229],"corroborate":[231],"efficacious":[233],"performance":[234,240],"evaluations":[235],"real-time":[237],"applications.":[238],"Relevant":[239],"comparisons":[241],"with":[242],"existing":[243],"works":[244],"literature":[246],"validate":[247],"sustainability":[249],"solution.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}