{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3090516356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3027453","title":"An Explainable and Statistically Validated Ensemble Clustering Model Applied to the Identification of Traumatic Brain Injury Subgroups","display_name":"An Explainable and Statistically Validated Ensemble Clustering Model Applied to the Identification of Traumatic Brain Injury Subgroups","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3090516356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3027453","mag":"3090516356"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3027453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3027453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3027453","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032142798","display_name":"Dacosta Yeboah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119942284","display_name":"Missouri State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01d2sez20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dacosta Yeboah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059494827","display_name":"Louis Steinmeister","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3204-4190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Louis Steinmeister","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Computational Intelligence Laboratory, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA","Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Computational Intelligence Laboratory, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046843425","display_name":"Daniel B. Hier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6179-0793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel B. Hier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Computational Intelligence Laboratory, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6179-0793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Computational Intelligence Laboratory, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082348372","display_name":"Bassam Hadi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149500","display_name":"Mercy Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05qye4525","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113060","https://openalex.org/I4210149500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bassam Hadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mercy Hospital Neurosurgery, St. Louis, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mercy Hospital Neurosurgery, St. Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038037619","display_name":"Donald C. Wunsch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9726-9051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald C. Wunsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Computational Intelligence Laboratory, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9726-9051","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Computational Intelligence Laboratory, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087578556","display_name":"Gayla R. Olbricht","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1213-2241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gayla R. Olbricht","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Computational Intelligence Laboratory, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA","Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1213-2241","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Computational Intelligence Laboratory, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040578359","display_name":"Tayo Obafemi-Ajayi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0155-9733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119942284","display_name":"Missouri State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01d2sez20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tayo Obafemi-Ajayi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Computational Intelligence Laboratory, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA","Engineering Program, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0155-9733","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Computational Intelligence Laboratory, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Program, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032142798"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.8763,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78984363,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"180690","last_page":"180705"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10706","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances","score":0.970300018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10706","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances","score":0.970300018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10227","display_name":"Acute Ischemic Stroke Management","score":0.9670000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9592000246047974,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6558911204338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5837739706039429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5239246487617493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidisciplinary-approach","display_name":"Multidisciplinary approach","score":0.4734187722206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4538879692554474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traumatic-brain-injury","display_name":"Traumatic brain injury","score":0.4497893452644348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.39635634422302246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36874818801879883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3260210156440735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.31420424580574036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry","display_name":"Psychiatry","score":0.07771280407905579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6558911204338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5837739706039429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5239246487617493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22467394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849359","display_name":"Multidisciplinary approach","level":2,"score":0.4734187722206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4538879692554474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781017439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1995526","display_name":"Traumatic brain injury","level":2,"score":0.4497893452644348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39635634422302246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36874818801879883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3260210156440735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.31420424580574036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.07771280407905579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3027453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3027453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bearworks.missouristate.edu:articles-cnas-2664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/articles-cnas/1665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196450","display_name":"BearWorks (Missouri State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119942284","host_organization_name":"Missouri State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"College of Natural and Applied Sciences","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e273e6bb7c4f48e19cd1682748569b82","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e273e6bb7c4f48e19cd1682748569b82","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 180690-180705 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3027453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3027453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1648762286","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-14-2-0034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309447","funder_display_name":"Leonard Wood Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309447","display_name":"Leonard Wood Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/002ew9g26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312855","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W100104462","https://openalex.org/W160580081","https://openalex.org/W642783518","https://openalex.org/W1487321909","https://openalex.org/W1536496053","https://openalex.org/W1539187029","https://openalex.org/W1648123822","https://openalex.org/W1974858315","https://openalex.org/W1980053379","https://openalex.org/W1994471836","https://openalex.org/W1998025025","https://openalex.org/W2001903109","https://openalex.org/W2041590252","https://openalex.org/W2044327438","https://openalex.org/W2045691329","https://openalex.org/W2057882640","https://openalex.org/W2070739968","https://openalex.org/W2080875271","https://openalex.org/W2106864651","https://openalex.org/W2108818539","https://openalex.org/W2121044470","https://openalex.org/W2121236959","https://openalex.org/W2121947440","https://openalex.org/W2122394105","https://openalex.org/W2132763547","https://openalex.org/W2132914434","https://openalex.org/W2135964318","https://openalex.org/W2139080455","https://openalex.org/W2164928285","https://openalex.org/W2293040502","https://openalex.org/W2510524207","https://openalex.org/W2535479565","https://openalex.org/W2787127896","https://openalex.org/W2789827414","https://openalex.org/W2833885759","https://openalex.org/W2892560236","https://openalex.org/W2902044457","https://openalex.org/W2921444773","https://openalex.org/W2947451694","https://openalex.org/W2948548647","https://openalex.org/W2952171869","https://openalex.org/W2993041161","https://openalex.org/W3034811279","https://openalex.org/W3082260019","https://openalex.org/W4232396098","https://openalex.org/W4298169162","https://openalex.org/W6632450909","https://openalex.org/W6677906040","https://openalex.org/W6684500011","https://openalex.org/W6755399280","https://openalex.org/W6756449149","https://openalex.org/W6763828762","https://openalex.org/W6779631916"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4286508873","https://openalex.org/W2185045523","https://openalex.org/W2175024588","https://openalex.org/W2007640890","https://openalex.org/W156969523","https://openalex.org/W184430638","https://openalex.org/W1982406023","https://openalex.org/W3031598356","https://openalex.org/W2729605695","https://openalex.org/W3201530858"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"a":[2,52],"framework":[3,87],"for":[4,88],"an":[5,58],"explainable":[6],"and":[7,31,41,46,83,105,133],"statistically":[8],"validated":[9],"ensemble":[10,89],"clustering":[11],"model":[12],"applied":[13],"to":[14,25,74,101,114],"Traumatic":[15],"Brain":[16],"Injury":[17],"(TBI).":[18],"The":[19],"objective":[20],"of":[21,55,76,79,99,108],"our":[22,63],"analysis":[23,91,100],"is":[24,57,112],"identify":[26],"patient":[27,70],"injury":[28],"severity":[29,78],"subgroups":[30,37,56,71],"key":[32],"phenotypes":[33],"that":[34,119],"delineate":[35],"these":[36],"using":[38],"varied":[39],"clinical":[40,116],"computed":[42],"tomography":[43],"data.":[44],"Explainable":[45],"statistically-validated":[47],"models":[48],"are":[49],"essential":[50],"because":[51],"data-driven":[53],"identification":[54],"inherently":[59],"multidisciplinary":[60],"undertaking.":[61],"In":[62],"case,":[64],"this":[65],"procedure":[66],"yielded":[67],"six":[68],"distinct":[69],"with":[72],"respect":[73],"mechanism":[75],"injury,":[77],"presentation,":[80],"anatomy,":[81],"psychometric,":[82],"functional":[84],"outcome.":[85],"This":[86,110],"cluster":[90],"fully":[92],"integrates":[93],"statistical":[94],"methods":[95],"at":[96],"several":[97],"stages":[98],"enhance":[102],"the":[103,106],"quality":[104],"explainability":[107],"results.":[109],"methodology":[111],"applicable":[113],"other":[115,126],"data":[117,128],"sets":[118],"exhibit":[120],"significant":[121],"heterogeneity":[122],"as":[123,125],"well":[124],"diverse":[127],"science":[129],"applications":[130],"in":[131],"biomedicine":[132],"elsewhere.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}