{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3088976029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3025346","title":"Unified Diagnosis Framework for Automated Nuclear Cataract Grading Based on Smartphone Slit-Lamp Images","display_name":"Unified Diagnosis Framework for Automated Nuclear Cataract Grading Based on Smartphone Slit-Lamp Images","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3088976029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3025346","mag":"3088976029"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3025346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3025346","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09201392.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09201392.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107969807","display_name":"Shenming Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8120-6566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097747","display_name":"He University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x4qp065","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shenming Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","He University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8120-6566","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"He University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100453825","display_name":"Xiaoting Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4575-0932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097747","display_name":"He University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x4qp065","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78988378","display_name":"Renmin University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/041pakw92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoting Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["He University, Shenyang, China","Renmin University of China, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4575-0932","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"He University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Renmin University of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101939771","display_name":"Hong Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0721-1698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105894","display_name":"Anyang Eye Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01a7g4m79","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105894"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenyang Eyerobo Company Ltd., Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenyang Eyerobo Company Ltd., Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105894"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050781750","display_name":"Xinze Luan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097747","display_name":"He University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x4qp065","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinze Luan","raw_affiliation_strings":["He University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"He University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090356698","display_name":"Qi Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0763-3500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097747","display_name":"He University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x4qp065","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154929","display_name":"He Eye Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04fnhr972","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154929"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["He Eye Specialist Hospital, Shenyang, China","He University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"He Eye Specialist Hospital, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154929"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"He University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101479843","display_name":"Yi Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5780-3830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097747","display_name":"He University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x4qp065","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["He University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"He University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101526252","display_name":"Xiangdong He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2668-5901"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangdong He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenyang Eye Industry Technology Research Institute Company Ltd., Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenyang Eye Industry Technology Research Institute Company Ltd., Shenyang, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006717243","display_name":"Wei He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8024-1263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei He","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.5616,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94588329,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"174169","last_page":"174178"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12599","display_name":"Retinal and Optic Conditions","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cataracts","display_name":"Cataracts","score":0.7271506786346436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7242403030395508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6727870106697083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6705216765403748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slit-lamp","display_name":"Slit lamp","score":0.5352334380149841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blindness","display_name":"Blindness","score":0.5140615701675415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.49763038754463196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4743862450122833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.3459630012512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3332965672016144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.3117627799510956}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780225610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127724","display_name":"Cataracts","level":2,"score":0.7271506786346436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7242403030395508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6727870106697083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6705216765403748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778113962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965041","display_name":"Slit lamp","level":2,"score":0.5352334380149841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780929884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Blindness","level":2,"score":0.5140615701675415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.49763038754463196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4743862450122833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.3459630012512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3332965672016144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.3117627799510956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3025346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3025346","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09201392.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2f5cd0e92c39415689c7ee242c93f418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2f5cd0e92c39415689c7ee242c93f418","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 174169-174178 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3025346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3025346","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09201392.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W195334049","https://openalex.org/W1485397985","https://openalex.org/W1558543607","https://openalex.org/W1571426111","https://openalex.org/W1574971735","https://openalex.org/W1897657709","https://openalex.org/W1996551919","https://openalex.org/W2035435655","https://openalex.org/W2040584809","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2060909700","https://openalex.org/W2064045987","https://openalex.org/W2075176951","https://openalex.org/W2087143906","https://openalex.org/W2089945049","https://openalex.org/W2098910604","https://openalex.org/W2099838434","https://openalex.org/W2099989407","https://openalex.org/W2106879392","https://openalex.org/W2114620690","https://openalex.org/W2121088185","https://openalex.org/W2123215356","https://openalex.org/W2124603659","https://openalex.org/W2125467935","https://openalex.org/W2168584572","https://openalex.org/W2198235674","https://openalex.org/W2472057509","https://openalex.org/W2596556980","https://openalex.org/W2741346289","https://openalex.org/W2743461367","https://openalex.org/W2796347433","https://openalex.org/W2963125010","https://openalex.org/W2979652659","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W6629127465","https://openalex.org/W6634312332","https://openalex.org/W6674961688","https://openalex.org/W6678195488","https://openalex.org/W6720447163","https://openalex.org/W6740474667","https://openalex.org/W6742415776"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971073519","https://openalex.org/W4298308637","https://openalex.org/W1836021534","https://openalex.org/W2408851424","https://openalex.org/W2911882508","https://openalex.org/W2000353055","https://openalex.org/W2029904018","https://openalex.org/W2786487697","https://openalex.org/W2019539268","https://openalex.org/W1991908201"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cataract":[0],"constitutes":[1],"half":[2],"of":[3,25,36,55,71,82,86,90,94,100,111,135,164,168,201,210,216,223,246,255],"the":[4,34,38,43,46,52,56,72,83,87,91,95,101,109,131,136,140,155,187,199,202,208,211,221,237,253],"blindness":[5,21],"cases":[6],"worldwide;":[7],"hence,":[8],"detecting":[9,26],"and":[10,117,166,186,207],"treating":[11],"cataracts":[12,27],"in":[13,45,80,183,191,236,244],"a":[14,112,118,180],"timely":[15],"manner":[16],"are":[17,31,243],"effective":[18],"strategies":[19],"for":[20,233],"prevention.":[22],"Recently,":[23],"methods":[24],"through":[28],"deep":[29,113],"learning":[30,114],"flourishing;":[32],"however,":[33],"task":[35,70],"improving":[37],"grading":[39],"mechanism":[40],"is":[41,74,230],"still":[42],"priority":[44],"research":[47],"field.":[48],"This":[49,195],"study":[50,196],"evaluates":[51],"classification":[53,189],"capability":[54],"automated":[57],"nuclear":[58,88,98,137],"cataract":[59,78,128,181,234],"detection":[60],"algorithm":[61,73],"using":[62],"ocular":[63,102,145],"images":[64,146],"captured":[65,147],"by":[66,106,148,226],"smartphone-based":[67,149],"slit-lamp.":[68],"The":[69,97,158,170,174,214,228],"to":[75,126,153],"automatically":[76],"detect":[77],"severity":[79,182],"terms":[81],"photometric":[84],"appearance":[85],"region":[89,99],"crystalline":[92],"lens":[93,103],"eyes.":[96],"was":[104,124,160,172],"localized":[105],"YOLOv3.":[107],"Subsequently,":[108],"combination":[110],"network,":[115],"ShuffleNet,":[116],"support":[119],"vector":[120],"machine":[121],"(SVM)":[122],"classifier":[123],"used":[125],"grade":[127],"severity,":[129],"evaluating":[130],"gray":[132],"conjugate":[133],"features":[134],"region.":[138],"Using":[139],"trained":[141],"algorithm,":[142],"819":[143],"anterior":[144],"slit-lamp":[150],"were":[151],"utilized":[152],"evaluate":[154,179],"algorithm's":[156],"performance.":[157],"accuracy":[159,200],"93.5%":[161],"with":[162],"Kappa":[163],"95.4%":[165],"F1":[167],"92.3%.":[169],"AUC":[171],"0.9198.":[173],"proposed":[175],"validation":[176],"method":[177,229],"could":[178],"29":[184],"ms":[185],"entire":[188],"process":[190],"less":[192],"than":[193],"1s.":[194],"can":[197,219,250],"improve":[198,220,252],"examination,":[203],"reduce":[204],"misdiagnosis":[205],"rate":[206],"difficulty":[209],"doctor's":[212],"examination.":[213],"addition":[215],"scoring":[217],"system":[218],"quality":[222],"pictures":[224],"obtained":[225],"non-ophthalmologists.":[227],"especially":[231],"suitable":[232],"screening":[235],"underdeveloped":[238],"areas":[239,241],"or":[240],"which":[242],"shortage":[245],"ophthalmic":[247,256],"resources.":[248],"It":[249],"also":[251],"accessibility":[254],"medical":[257],"treatment.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-19T21:40:30.786675","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}