{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3084652823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3023255","title":"FPGA-Based Hardware Accelerator for Leveled Ring-LWE Fully Homomorphic Encryption","display_name":"FPGA-Based Hardware Accelerator for Leveled Ring-LWE Fully Homomorphic Encryption","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3084652823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3023255","mag":"3084652823"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3023255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3023255","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09194003.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09194003.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100728012","display_name":"Yang Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5951-8476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801618472","display_name":"PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00gg5zj35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134428","display_name":"Chinese People's Armed Police Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/031jzbb03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cryptography Engineering, Engineering University of People\u2019s Armed Police, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Operational Support, PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Operational Support, PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi'an, China","School of Cryptography Engineering, Engineering University of People's Armed Police, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3619-7936","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cryptography Engineering, Engineering University of People\u2019s Armed Police, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Operational Support, PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Operational Support, PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cryptography Engineering, Engineering University of People's Armed Police, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108745759","display_name":"Bailong Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801618472","display_name":"PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00gg5zj35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bailong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Operational Support, PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Operational Support, PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Operational Support, PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Operational Support, PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100719382","display_name":"Chen Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8221-7670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Microelectronics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8221-7670","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033662154","display_name":"Luogeng Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801618472","display_name":"PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00gg5zj35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luogeng Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Operational Support, PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Xi\u2019an Communication, National University of Defense Technology, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Operational Support, PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi'an, China","School of Xi'an Communication, National University of Defense Technology, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Operational Support, PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Xi\u2019an Communication, National University of Defense Technology, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Operational Support, PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Xi'an Communication, National University of Defense Technology, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100728012"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801618472","https://openalex.org/I4210134428"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.3998,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93831508,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"168008","last_page":"168025"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.8613722920417786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8420745134353638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.7717751264572144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5783572196960449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5752426981925964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.5257452726364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5114180445671082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.45617836713790894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtex","display_name":"Virtex","score":0.4544655382633209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coprocessor","display_name":"Coprocessor","score":0.4359920620918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.43249449133872986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4288747310638428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3501390218734741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3491237163543701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.17602801322937012}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.8613722920417786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8420745134353638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.7717751264572144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5783572196960449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5752426981925964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.5257452726364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5114180445671082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.45617836713790894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777674469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20741011","display_name":"Virtex","level":3,"score":0.4544655382633209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86111242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859595","display_name":"Coprocessor","level":2,"score":0.4359920620918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.43249449133872986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4288747310638428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3501390218734741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3491237163543701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.17602801322937012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3023255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3023255","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09194003.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f66c213e5df245d1bcbfb96af564fe36","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f66c213e5df245d1bcbfb96af564fe36","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 168008-168025 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3023255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3023255","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09194003.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3068326366","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Z201805200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5535715099","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018M631163","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G641658948","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB1102903","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7800514935","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61704136","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3084652823.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3084652823.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17575016","https://openalex.org/W56544557","https://openalex.org/W87154849","https://openalex.org/W104209573","https://openalex.org/W150223756","https://openalex.org/W166833272","https://openalex.org/W913176383","https://openalex.org/W1945892390","https://openalex.org/W1979120705","https://openalex.org/W1994457675","https://openalex.org/W2026935019","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2042872772","https://openalex.org/W2048994663","https://openalex.org/W2069285815","https://openalex.org/W2070982178","https://openalex.org/W2144645218","https://openalex.org/W2156030242","https://openalex.org/W2162363208","https://openalex.org/W2177209050","https://openalex.org/W2217245185","https://openalex.org/W2233194383","https://openalex.org/W2245734289","https://openalex.org/W2246684855","https://openalex.org/W2287312583","https://openalex.org/W2337292406","https://openalex.org/W2396301548","https://openalex.org/W2401959250","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2517146888","https://openalex.org/W2544955103","https://openalex.org/W2610207592","https://openalex.org/W2737716759","https://openalex.org/W2765235648","https://openalex.org/W2792565434","https://openalex.org/W2885339274","https://openalex.org/W2919561762","https://openalex.org/W2934510082","https://openalex.org/W2937704804","https://openalex.org/W2942255051","https://openalex.org/W2964398013","https://openalex.org/W2968983325","https://openalex.org/W2977558206","https://openalex.org/W2982499393","https://openalex.org/W2985070668","https://openalex.org/W3001052280","https://openalex.org/W3028867652","https://openalex.org/W3030053264","https://openalex.org/W3030932237","https://openalex.org/W6602271536","https://openalex.org/W6606067566","https://openalex.org/W6688650056","https://openalex.org/W6703380728","https://openalex.org/W6712018824","https://openalex.org/W6761545756","https://openalex.org/W6767034832","https://openalex.org/W6768459703","https://openalex.org/W6778434676"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2291943064","https://openalex.org/W1541328753","https://openalex.org/W2209727271","https://openalex.org/W2027176516","https://openalex.org/W2057084000","https://openalex.org/W2532502681","https://openalex.org/W4394999","https://openalex.org/W2002271950","https://openalex.org/W2347980442","https://openalex.org/W2137627158"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fully":[0],"homomorphic":[1,72,111,174,217,220],"encryption":[2,73,175],"(FHE)":[3],"allows":[4],"arbitrary":[5],"computation":[6,26,81],"on":[7,55,142,166],"encrypted":[8],"data":[9],"and":[10,18,83,91,99,110,121,138,176,178,212,219],"has":[11],"great":[12],"potential":[13],"in":[14,127],"privacy-preserving":[15],"cloud":[16],"computing":[17],"securely":[19],"outsource":[20],"computational":[21],"tasks.":[22],"However,":[23],"the":[24,29,34,51,56,80,85,104,115,132,162,179,190,198,203],"excessive":[25],"complexity":[27],"is":[28],"key":[30],"limitation":[31],"that":[32],"restricting":[33],"practical":[35],"application":[36],"of":[37,69,107,193,201,205],"FHE.":[38],"In":[39,76],"this":[40],"paper":[41],"we":[42,64,87,136],"proposed":[43],"a":[44,66,101,143],"FPGA-based":[45],"high":[46],"parallelism":[47],"architecture":[48,141],"to":[49,78,95,129,161,189,197],"accelerate":[50],"FHE":[52],"schemes":[53],"based":[54],"ring":[57],"learning":[58],"with":[59,159],"errors":[60],"(RLWE)":[61],"problem,":[62],"specifically,":[63],"presented":[65],"fast":[67],"implementation":[68,152,165,192,200],"leveled":[70],"fully":[71],"scheme":[74],"BGV.":[75,194],"order":[77],"reduce":[79],"latency":[82],"improve":[84,96,131],"performance,":[86],"applied":[88],"both":[89],"circuit-level":[90],"block-level":[92],"pipeline":[93],"strategies":[94],"clock":[97],"frequency,":[98],"as":[100],"result,":[102],"enhance":[103],"processing":[105],"speed":[106],"polynomial":[108,119],"multipliers":[109,120],"evaluation":[112],"functions.":[113],"At":[114],"same":[116],"time,":[117],"multiple":[118],"modular":[122],"reduction":[123],"units":[124],"were":[125],"deployed":[126],"parallel":[128],"further":[130],"hardware":[133,191,199],"performance.":[134],"Finally,":[135],"implemented":[137],"tested":[139],"our":[140,151,206],"Virtex":[144],"UltraScale":[145],"FPGA":[146],"platform.":[147],"Runing":[148],"at":[149,171],"150MHz,":[150],"achieved":[153,209],"$4.60\\times":[154],"\\sim":[155,185],"9.49\\times":[156],"$":[157,187,211,214],"speedup":[158,215],"respect":[160],"optimized":[163],"software":[164],"Intel":[167],"i7":[168],"processor":[169],"running":[170],"3.1GHz":[172],"for":[173,216],"decryption,":[177],"throughput":[180,204],"was":[181],"increased":[182],"by":[183],"$1.03\\times":[184],"4.64\\times":[186],"compared":[188,196],"While":[195],"FV,":[202],"accelerator":[207],"also":[208],"$5.05\\times":[210],"$167.3\\times":[213],"addition":[218],"multiplication":[221],"operation":[222],"respectively.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
