{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3085529854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3022963","title":"ICMPv6-Based DoS and DDoS Attacks Detection Using Machine Learning Techniques, Open Challenges, and Blockchain Applicability: A Review","display_name":"ICMPv6-Based DoS and DDoS Attacks Detection Using Machine Learning Techniques, Open Challenges, and Blockchain Applicability: A Review","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3085529854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3022963","mag":"3085529854"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3022963","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3022963","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09189788.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09189788.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066710959","display_name":"Mohammad Tayyab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6735-9451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Tayyab","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6735-9451","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020092308","display_name":"Bahari Belaton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9099-1498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bahari Belaton","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Advanced IPv6 Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9099-1498","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Advanced IPv6 Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015229013","display_name":"Mohammed Anbar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7026-6408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Anbar","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Advanced IPv6 Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7026-6408","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Advanced IPv6 Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066710959"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.1818,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9570703,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"170529","last_page":"170547"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.8849530816078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8527940511703491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6451334357261658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5244548320770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ipv6","display_name":"IPv6","score":0.49892592430114746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ipv4","display_name":"IPv4","score":0.48600539565086365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.48218098282814026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4738759696483612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security","display_name":"Network security","score":0.4442504346370697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4344805181026459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4341471195220947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.4120030701160431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.17698794603347778}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.8849530816078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8527940511703491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6451334357261658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5244548320770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84555802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2551624","display_name":"IPv6","level":3,"score":0.49892592430114746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779233093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11103","display_name":"IPv4","level":4,"score":0.48600539565086365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.48218098282814026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4738759696483612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.4442504346370697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4344805181026459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4341471195220947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.4120030701160431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.17698794603347778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3022963","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3022963","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09189788.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3bc21fcb2ca84ffba37cdc26b7f33e03","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3bc21fcb2ca84ffba37cdc26b7f33e03","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 170529-170547 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3022963","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3022963","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09189788.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5637734266","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1001/PKOMP/8014018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322757","funder_display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322757","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3085529854.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3085529854.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":89,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6981020","https://openalex.org/W98775351","https://openalex.org/W107286722","https://openalex.org/W199081292","https://openalex.org/W433644524","https://openalex.org/W1484413656","https://openalex.org/W1493969756","https://openalex.org/W1525545664","https://openalex.org/W1597012135","https://openalex.org/W1692207811","https://openalex.org/W1847242080","https://openalex.org/W1851526348","https://openalex.org/W1978175161","https://openalex.org/W1997911919","https://openalex.org/W2026609766","https://openalex.org/W2030129978","https://openalex.org/W2064495836","https://openalex.org/W2064744005","https://openalex.org/W2101109743","https://openalex.org/W2104692292","https://openalex.org/W2119549542","https://openalex.org/W2133990480","https://openalex.org/W2155883880","https://openalex.org/W2162635690","https://openalex.org/W2163009139","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2299450638","https://openalex.org/W2325877089","https://openalex.org/W2333324699","https://openalex.org/W2338598777","https://openalex.org/W2340978969","https://openalex.org/W2485307462","https://openalex.org/W2488015824","https://openalex.org/W2497847216","https://openalex.org/W2505630732","https://openalex.org/W2517975492","https://openalex.org/W2547511310","https://openalex.org/W2557450880","https://openalex.org/W2561257879","https://openalex.org/W2607023508","https://openalex.org/W2608658459","https://openalex.org/W2618984630","https://openalex.org/W2620580412","https://openalex.org/W2750691772","https://openalex.org/W2766139680","https://openalex.org/W2781066315","https://openalex.org/W2782255728","https://openalex.org/W2788857842","https://openalex.org/W2792850657","https://openalex.org/W2794216652","https://openalex.org/W2799843691","https://openalex.org/W2807319534","https://openalex.org/W2810749629","https://openalex.org/W2859928566","https://openalex.org/W2888793188","https://openalex.org/W2891366441","https://openalex.org/W2892556724","https://openalex.org/W2893123663","https://openalex.org/W2905202327","https://openalex.org/W2911505293","https://openalex.org/W2916602429","https://openalex.org/W2936508756","https://openalex.org/W2938258273","https://openalex.org/W2944794792","https://openalex.org/W2954056550","https://openalex.org/W2966380110","https://openalex.org/W2970152050","https://openalex.org/W2979256896","https://openalex.org/W2991140181","https://openalex.org/W2999565977","https://openalex.org/W3003275137","https://openalex.org/W3007738737","https://openalex.org/W3015246755","https://openalex.org/W3025080732","https://openalex.org/W3043077209","https://openalex.org/W4230622395","https://openalex.org/W4245739981","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4249020765","https://openalex.org/W4300747978","https://openalex.org/W6604371667","https://openalex.org/W6608091848","https://openalex.org/W6628750762","https://openalex.org/W6638715035","https://openalex.org/W6703967327","https://openalex.org/W6723533827","https://openalex.org/W6738824078","https://openalex.org/W6772951917","https://openalex.org/W6773900107"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2349428606","https://openalex.org/W2360869876","https://openalex.org/W3004929566","https://openalex.org/W1849784828","https://openalex.org/W2374277641","https://openalex.org/W2391251019","https://openalex.org/W2791057254","https://openalex.org/W2347589432","https://openalex.org/W2129227231","https://openalex.org/W2391250720"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"the":[1,10,19,36,105,131,198,210,249,252,257],"launch":[2],"of":[3,12,21,50,60,89,108,125,130,209,228,251],"Internet":[4,22],"Protocol":[5,25,39],"version":[6,26],"six":[7,27],"(IPv6)":[8],"addressed":[9],"issue":[11],"IPv4's":[13],"address":[14],"depletion,":[15],"but":[16],"also":[17,224],"mandated":[18],"use":[20],"Control":[23],"Message":[24],"(ICMPv6)":[28],"messages":[29],"in":[30,146,191,245,269],"newly":[31],"introduced":[32],"features":[33],"such":[34,117,155],"as":[35,94,120,156,182,204,272,274,277],"Neighbor":[37],"Discovery":[38],"(NDP).":[40],"This":[41],"has":[42,201,282],"exacerbated":[43],"existing":[44,90],"network":[45],"attacks":[46,53,79,181,218,235],"including":[47],"ICMPv6-based":[48,75,177,214],"Denial":[49,59],"Service":[51,61],"(DoS)":[52],"and":[54,77,85,96,139,168,179,184,216,233],"its":[55],"variant":[56],"form":[57],"Distributed":[58],"(DDoS)":[62],"attack.":[63],"Intrusion":[64],"Detection":[65],"Systems":[66],"(IDS)":[67],"aimed":[68],"at":[69],"tackling":[70],"security":[71],"issues":[72],"raised":[73],"by":[74,83],"DoS":[76,178,215,232],"DDoS":[78,180,217,234],"have":[80,151],"been":[81,153,202,283],"reviewed":[82],"researchers":[84,244],"a":[86,118,123,126,205,226,239,278],"general":[87],"classification":[88,227],"IDSs":[91,109,158,170,264],"was":[92],"proposed":[93,203,284],"anomaly-based":[95],"signature-based.":[97],"However,":[98],"it":[99],"is":[100,122,256],"incredibly":[101],"hard":[102],"to":[103,175,207,231,285],"see":[104],"overall":[106],"picture":[107],"based":[110,171,196,265],"on":[111,172,197,263,266,289],"Machine":[112],"Learning":[113],"(ML)":[114],"techniques":[115,174,268],"with":[116],"classification,":[119],"there":[121],"lack":[124],"more":[127],"detailed":[128],"view":[129],"ML":[132,173,267],"approach,":[133],"classifiers,":[134],"feature":[135],"selection":[136],"techniques,":[137],"datasets,":[138],"different":[140],"evaluation":[141],"metrics.":[142],"Nevertheless,":[143],"recent":[144],"developments":[145],"this":[147,164,222,246,255,270],"relatively":[148],"new":[149],"field":[150],"not":[152],"covered":[154],"ML-based":[157],"using":[159],"flow-based":[160],"traffic":[161],"representation.":[162],"Therefore,":[163],"article":[165],"specifically":[166,261],"reviews":[167],"classifies":[169],"detect":[176],"single":[183],"hybrid":[185],"classifiers.":[186],"In":[187],"addition,":[188],"blockchain":[189,275],"applicability":[190,276],"Collaborative":[192],"IDS":[193,293],"(CIDS)":[194],"architecture":[195],"ensemble":[199,291],"framework":[200],"solution":[206],"one":[208],"open":[211],"challenges":[212],"for":[213,242],"detection":[219],"problem.":[220],"Moreover,":[221],"review":[223,259],"provides":[225],"ICMPv6":[229],"vulnerabilities":[230],"which":[236],"would":[237],"provide":[238],"reference":[240],"resource":[241],"future":[243],"domain.":[247],"To":[248],"best":[250],"author's":[253],"knowledge,":[254],"first":[258],"paper":[260],"focusing":[262],"domain,":[271],"well":[273],"possible":[279],"research":[280],"direction":[281],"attract":[286],"researcher's":[287],"focus":[288],"building":[290],"learning-based":[292],"models.":[294]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}