{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3084389077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3022327","title":"APNAS: Accuracy-and-Performance-Aware Neural Architecture Search for Neural Hardware Accelerators","display_name":"APNAS: Accuracy-and-Performance-Aware Neural Architecture Search for Neural Hardware Accelerators","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3084389077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3022327","mag":"3084389077"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3022327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3022327","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09187191.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09187191.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069981232","display_name":"Paniti Achararit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2753-7580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paniti Achararit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communications, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communications, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481","https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100647460","display_name":"Muhammad Abdullah Hanif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9841-6132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Abdullah Hanif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Informatics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Informatics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030422145","display_name":"Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8597-4530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Informatics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Informatics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005190949","display_name":"Muhammad Shafique","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2607-8135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120250893","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120250893","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shafique","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYU AD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYU AD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065843430","display_name":"Yuko Hara\u2013Azumi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9486-5272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuko Hara-Azumi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communications, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communications, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481","https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069981232"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698","https://openalex.org/I90023481"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.2576,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90153104,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"165319","last_page":"165334"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8016110062599182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5115812420845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4878292381763458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.48007136583328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4192027747631073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.37880373001098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3724976181983948}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8016110062599182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5115812420845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4878292381763458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.48007136583328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4192027747631073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.37880373001098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3724976181983948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3022327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3022327","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09187191.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:df581d61bbe543ef808ce6dba9884421","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/df581d61bbe543ef808ce6dba9884421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 165319-165334 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3022327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3022327","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09187191.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1069223013","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JSPS KAKENHI","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3459562248","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4636223006","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JSPS KAK","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7906349158","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20H04154","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3084389077.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3084389077.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485009520","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1841592590","https://openalex.org/W1992781178","https://openalex.org/W2009832130","https://openalex.org/W2044535169","https://openalex.org/W2061272711","https://openalex.org/W2067523571","https://openalex.org/W2070167224","https://openalex.org/W2088079057","https://openalex.org/W2096645269","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2117696986","https://openalex.org/W2119144962","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2213612645","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2342840547","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2553303224","https://openalex.org/W2610332124","https://openalex.org/W2612076670","https://openalex.org/W2625457103","https://openalex.org/W2766362889","https://openalex.org/W2798919674","https://openalex.org/W2799441690","https://openalex.org/W2810392541","https://openalex.org/W2884675507","https://openalex.org/W2897067384","https://openalex.org/W2899025187","https://openalex.org/W2899363804","https://openalex.org/W2905810301","https://openalex.org/W2911884654","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2945789436","https://openalex.org/W2951104886","https://openalex.org/W2953212265","https://openalex.org/W2962746461","https://openalex.org/W2962861284","https://openalex.org/W2963125010","https://openalex.org/W2963778169","https://openalex.org/W2963821229","https://openalex.org/W2963918968","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2964137095","https://openalex.org/W2964217527","https://openalex.org/W2964259004","https://openalex.org/W2964299589","https://openalex.org/W2964515685","https://openalex.org/W2965658867","https://openalex.org/W2967733054","https://openalex.org/W2974437627","https://openalex.org/W3005346446","https://openalex.org/W3020141870","https://openalex.org/W3105904398","https://openalex.org/W3120496366","https://openalex.org/W3123941068","https://openalex.org/W4289362026","https://openalex.org/W4300687381","https://openalex.org/W4300687870","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638783484","https://openalex.org/W6677580257","https://openalex.org/W6704559304","https://openalex.org/W6729956949","https://openalex.org/W6745614327","https://openalex.org/W6748057086","https://openalex.org/W6752515464","https://openalex.org/W6753303928","https://openalex.org/W6756334815","https://openalex.org/W6756887525","https://openalex.org/W6759828284","https://openalex.org/W6776489716"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2588198209","https://openalex.org/W1909006023","https://openalex.org/W4205824991","https://openalex.org/W3200723557","https://openalex.org/W4312713546","https://openalex.org/W2362195430","https://openalex.org/W2347494122","https://openalex.org/W2567983276","https://openalex.org/W2802298219","https://openalex.org/W2038503502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Designing":[0],"resource-efficient":[1],"deep":[2],"neural":[3,46,107],"networks":[4],"(DNNs)":[5],"is":[6,90,102,123],"a":[7,39,93,105,126,142,189,212],"challenging":[8],"task":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,82,113,129,139,186,218,240],"the":[12,29,84,131,149],"enormous":[13],"diversity":[14],"of":[15,86,104,162,165,188,225],"applications":[16],"as":[17,19,55,110,125],"well":[18],"their":[20],"time-consuming":[21],"design,":[22],"training,":[23],"optimization,":[24],"and":[25,76,96,135,180],"evaluation":[26],"cycles,":[27],"especially":[28],"resource-constrained":[30],"embedded":[31],"systems.":[32],"To":[33,146],"address":[34],"these":[35,174],"challenges,":[36],"we":[37,153],"propose":[38],"novel":[40],"DNN":[41,68,87,116,150,166],"design":[42],"framework":[43],"called":[44],"accuracy-and-performance-aware":[45],"architecture":[47],"search":[48],"(APNAS),":[49],"which":[50,101],"can":[51],"generate":[52,114,219],"DNNs":[53,220],"efficiently,":[54],"it":[56],"does":[57],"not":[58],"require":[59],"hardware":[60,144,191,198],"devices":[61],"or":[62],"simulators":[63],"while":[64],"searching":[65],"for":[66,157,236],"optimized":[67],"model":[69],"configurations":[70,167],"that":[71,173,194,201,221],"offer":[72,222],"both":[73],"inference":[74],"accuracy":[75,134,231],"high":[77],"execution":[78],"performance.":[79],"In":[80],"addition,":[81],"accelerate":[83],"process":[85],"generation,":[88],"APNAS":[89,202],"built":[91],"on":[92,141,168,211],"weight":[94],"sharing":[95],"reinforcement":[97,121],"learning-based":[98],"exploration":[99],"methodology,":[100],"composed":[103],"recurrent":[106],"network":[108],"controller":[109],"its":[111],"core":[112],"sample":[115,132],"configurations.":[117],"The":[118],"reward":[119],"in":[120],"learning":[122],"formulated":[124],"configurable":[127],"function":[128],"consider":[130],"DNNs\u2019":[133],"cycle":[136,158,182],"count":[137,159,183],"required":[138],"run":[140],"target":[143],"architecture.":[145],"further":[147],"expedite":[148],"generation":[151],"process,":[152],"devise":[154],"analytical":[155,175],"models":[156,176],"estimation":[160],"instead":[161],"running":[163],"millions":[164],"real":[169],"hardware.":[170],"We":[171],"demonstrate":[172,200],"are":[177],"highly":[178],"accurate":[179],"provide":[181],"estimates":[184],"identical":[185],"those":[187],"cycle-accurate":[190],"simulator.":[192],"Experiments":[193],"involve":[195],"quantitatively":[196],"varying":[197],"constraints":[199],"requires":[203],"only":[204],"0.55":[205],"graphics":[206],"processing":[207],"unit":[208],"(GPU)":[209],"days":[210],"single":[213],"Nvidia":[214],"GTX":[215],"1080Ti":[216],"GPU":[217],"an":[223],"average":[224,234],"53%":[226],"fewer":[227],"cycles":[228],"with":[229],"negligible":[230],"degradation":[232],"(on":[233],"3%)":[235],"image":[237],"classification":[238],"compared":[239],"state-of-the-art":[241],"techniques.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}