{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3082457501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3021103","title":"A Novel Grayscale Image Steganography Scheme Based on Chaos Encryption and Generative Adversarial Networks","display_name":"A Novel Grayscale Image Steganography Scheme Based on Chaos Encryption and Generative Adversarial Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3082457501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3021103","mag":"3082457501"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3021103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3021103","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09184919.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09184919.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100350153","display_name":"Qi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7729-1422"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7729-1422","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100680478","display_name":"Xingyuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9724-0152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingyuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9724-0152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100357616","display_name":"Xiaoyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7030-4291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100749734","display_name":"Bin Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9030-7393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Security, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9030-7393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068503490","display_name":"Chunpeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3742-5614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunpeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Security, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3742-5614","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019721979","display_name":"Yongjin Xian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1921-049X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongjin Xian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111876760","display_name":"Yun-Qing Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunqing Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.6417,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94423684,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"168166","last_page":"168176"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grayscale","display_name":"Grayscale","score":0.7605623006820679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.7290452718734741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6847712397575378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.6305927038192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5909675359725952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.5592512488365173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.5122048258781433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chaos","display_name":"CHAOS (operating system)","score":0.45296716690063477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.44501200318336487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43449386954307556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4299982190132141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4264146685600281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-hiding","display_name":"Information hiding","score":0.4222603440284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.41524386405944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.10826447606086731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.10036352276802063}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78201319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grayscale","level":3,"score":0.7605623006820679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.7290452718734741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6847712397575378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.6305927038192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5909675359725952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5592512488365173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.5122048258781433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779374083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5011038","display_name":"CHAOS (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.45296716690063477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44501200318336487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43449386954307556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4299982190132141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4264146685600281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.4222603440284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.41524386405944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.10826447606086731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.10036352276802063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3021103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3021103","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09184919.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9418f067f6514a4c9425cc03e74c8908","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9418f067f6514a4c9425cc03e74c8908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 168166-168176 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3021103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3021103","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09184919.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G521762806","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u5e03\u5c14\u91cf\u5316\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u8c03\u63a7\u7f51\u7edc\u5efa\u6a21\u4e0e\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61672124","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G699590998","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61872203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8147635778","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61802212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1955882805","https://openalex.org/W1990337861","https://openalex.org/W2008112417","https://openalex.org/W2020976197","https://openalex.org/W2026280675","https://openalex.org/W2042195565","https://openalex.org/W2122256249","https://openalex.org/W2170598445","https://openalex.org/W2192227561","https://openalex.org/W2322622188","https://openalex.org/W2509155366","https://openalex.org/W2586164962","https://openalex.org/W2735904389","https://openalex.org/W2751202750","https://openalex.org/W2771036112","https://openalex.org/W2798825927","https://openalex.org/W2884179402","https://openalex.org/W2890904214","https://openalex.org/W2900459057","https://openalex.org/W2900501183","https://openalex.org/W2904288768","https://openalex.org/W2908542906","https://openalex.org/W2934198647","https://openalex.org/W2963462425","https://openalex.org/W2972522787","https://openalex.org/W2981902590","https://openalex.org/W2982067014","https://openalex.org/W2998457557","https://openalex.org/W3037408450","https://openalex.org/W4288091074","https://openalex.org/W4288636824","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6746523225","https://openalex.org/W6750829183","https://openalex.org/W6755773381","https://openalex.org/W6758677337","https://openalex.org/W6766255664","https://openalex.org/W6841224041"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3203504906","https://openalex.org/W2497446005","https://openalex.org/W2171676767","https://openalex.org/W4312890355","https://openalex.org/W2189589914","https://openalex.org/W83713408","https://openalex.org/W4293373802","https://openalex.org/W4318577714","https://openalex.org/W1716757876","https://openalex.org/W4285356283"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,19,53,59,68,104],"novel":[4],"grayscale":[5],"image":[6,17,21,28,41,44,51],"steganography":[7,84],"scheme":[8,85,128],"that":[9,125],"is":[10,29,64,75,86,109,182],"capable":[11],"of":[12,22,88,117,134,141,159,164,177],"hiding":[13,95],"an":[14],"encrypted":[15,30,40],"secret":[16,27,135,180],"into":[18,48],"cover":[20,43,81],"the":[23,32,49,80,113,126,132,142,156,160,175,178],"same":[24],"size.":[25],"The":[26,39,83,120],"using":[31],"chaos":[33],"encryption":[34],"technology":[35],"before":[36],"being":[37],"hidden.":[38],"and":[42,99,138,162,171],"are":[45,92],"then":[46],"transformed":[47],"steg":[50,71,166],"by":[52],"convolutional":[54],"neural":[55],"network":[56,62],"(CNN).":[57],"Also,":[58],"generative":[60],"adversarial":[61],"(GAN)":[63],"adopted":[65],"to":[66,77,111],"produce":[67],"more":[69],"realistic":[70],"image,":[72],"whose":[73],"appearance":[74],"difficult":[76],"distinguish":[78],"from":[79],"image.":[82],"composed":[87],"three":[89],"CNNs":[90],"which":[91],"regarded":[93],"as":[94],"network,":[96,98,101],"discriminative":[97],"extracting":[100],"respectively.":[102,173],"Additionally,":[103],"new":[105],"weight":[106],"allocation":[107],"mechanism":[108],"introduced":[110],"ensure":[112],"balanced":[114],"training":[115],"procedure":[116],"hiding-extracting":[118],"networks.":[119],"obtained":[121],"experimental":[122],"results":[123],"show":[124],"proposed":[127],"not":[129],"only":[130],"solved":[131],"problems":[133],"information":[136],"leakage":[137],"color":[139],"distortion":[140],"current":[143],"mainstream":[144],"methods":[145],"but":[146],"also":[147,183],"maintain":[148],"high":[149],"embedding":[150],"capacity.":[151],"Compared":[152],"with":[153],"other":[154],"methods,":[155],"average":[157],"values":[158],"PSNR":[161],"SSIM":[163],"our":[165],"images":[167,181],"can":[168],"reach":[169],"0.987":[170],"42.3,":[172],"And":[174],"quality":[176],"reconstructed":[179],"advantageous.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-19T21:40:30.786675","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}