{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3085382268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3020964","title":"MaskDGA: An Evasion Attack Against DGA Classifiers and Adversarial Defenses","display_name":"MaskDGA: An Evasion Attack Against DGA Classifiers and Adversarial Defenses","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3085382268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3020964","mag":"3085382268"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3020964","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3020964","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09194015.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09194015.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001331670","display_name":"Lior Sidi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lior Sidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013424994","display_name":"Asaf Nadler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4397-3729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asaf Nadler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4397-3729","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002391103","display_name":"Asaf Shabtai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0630-4059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Asaf Shabtai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0630-4059","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002391103"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.4125,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91044698,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"161580","last_page":"161592"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evasion","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","score":0.8415223360061646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8064057230949402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7698438763618469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.7422763109207153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6620022654533386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6550210118293762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6234778165817261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.4150611460208893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3919667601585388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.15115609765052795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.08844316005706787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781251061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416089","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","level":3,"score":0.8415223360061646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8064057230949402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7698438763618469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.7422763109207153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6620022654533386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6550210118293762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6234778165817261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.4150611460208893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3919667601585388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.15115609765052795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.08844316005706787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3020964","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3020964","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09194015.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:22d09ab55a0b4ab69a7b91935aca1d84","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/22d09ab55a0b4ab69a7b91935aca1d84","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 161580-161592 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:4543868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/4543868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access 8 161580 - 161592","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3020964","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3020964","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09194015.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2367949695","display_name":"Cyber security cOmpeteNCe fOr Research anD InnovAtion","funder_award_id":"830927","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G434337789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HORIZON2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308458","display_name":"American Surgical Association Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05grbyt82"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323051","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3085382268.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3085382268.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2002537105","https://openalex.org/W2097156747","https://openalex.org/W2402144811","https://openalex.org/W2464432954","https://openalex.org/W2470894770","https://openalex.org/W2528572867","https://openalex.org/W2546910111","https://openalex.org/W2592440977","https://openalex.org/W2603766943","https://openalex.org/W2768793959","https://openalex.org/W2772269457","https://openalex.org/W2773270814","https://openalex.org/W2773671123","https://openalex.org/W2784815861","https://openalex.org/W2786906486","https://openalex.org/W2799194071","https://openalex.org/W2802296803","https://openalex.org/W2804240301","https://openalex.org/W2890863483","https://openalex.org/W2900892325","https://openalex.org/W2907290714","https://openalex.org/W2912464539","https://openalex.org/W2912761498","https://openalex.org/W2923596448","https://openalex.org/W2942650110","https://openalex.org/W2953384591","https://openalex.org/W2954590176","https://openalex.org/W2963178695","https://openalex.org/W2963379686","https://openalex.org/W2963801581","https://openalex.org/W2963834268","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2963859254","https://openalex.org/W2964082701","https://openalex.org/W2971890500","https://openalex.org/W3020059240","https://openalex.org/W3099736358","https://openalex.org/W4213362721","https://openalex.org/W4238065923","https://openalex.org/W4302282827","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6708038331","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6719105664","https://openalex.org/W6729497825","https://openalex.org/W6748202248","https://openalex.org/W6750628419","https://openalex.org/W6758764520","https://openalex.org/W6760971294","https://openalex.org/W6766401332","https://openalex.org/W6776317683"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2294483539","https://openalex.org/W2378449000","https://openalex.org/W2901835651","https://openalex.org/W2883616266","https://openalex.org/W186576250","https://openalex.org/W2002178493","https://openalex.org/W2372254325","https://openalex.org/W3005861778","https://openalex.org/W2185627654","https://openalex.org/W13127727"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Domain":[0],"generation":[1],"algorithms":[2],"(DGAs)":[3],"are":[4],"commonly":[5],"used":[6],"by":[7],"botnets":[8],"to":[9,17,70,76,87,167,173,194],"generate":[10],"domain":[11,37],"names":[12,39,73,181],"that":[13,33,66,140,154,169],"bots":[14],"can":[15],"use":[16],"establish":[18],"communication":[19],"channels":[20],"with":[21,43,128],"their":[22],"command":[23],"and":[24,46,106,112,133],"control":[25],"servers.":[26],"Recent":[27],"publications":[28],"presented":[29],"deep":[30],"learning":[31,69],"classifiers":[32,105,126],"detect":[34],"algorithmically":[35],"generated":[36],"(AGD)":[38],"in":[40,74,192],"real":[41],"time":[42],"high":[44],"accuracy":[45],"thus":[47],"significantly":[48],"reduce":[49],"the":[50,82,85,92,108,124,137,148,178,184,188],"effectiveness":[51,146],"of":[52,123,177,187],"DGAs":[53],"for":[54,84],"botnet":[55],"communication.":[56],"In":[57],"this":[58],"paper,":[59],"we":[60],"present":[61],"MaskDGA,":[62],"an":[63,165,171],"evasion":[64,114,149,198],"technique":[65],"uses":[67],"adversarial":[68,130,134,141],"modify":[71],"AGD":[72,180],"order":[75,193],"evade":[77],"inline":[78],"DGA":[79,93,104],"classifiers,":[80],"without":[81],"need":[83],"attacker":[86,172],"possess":[88],"any":[89],"knowledge":[90],"about":[91],"classifier's":[94],"architecture":[95],"or":[96],"parameters.":[97],"MaskDGA":[98,119,168],"was":[99],"evaluated":[100,118],"on":[101,120,183],"four":[102],"state-of-the-art":[103],"outperformed":[107],"recently":[109],"proposed":[110],"CharBot":[111],"DeepDGA":[113],"techniques.":[115],"We":[116,162],"also":[117,163],"enhanced":[121],"versions":[122],"same":[125],"equipped":[127],"common":[129],"defenses":[131],"(distillation":[132],"retraining).":[135],"While":[136],"results":[138,186],"show":[139],"retraining":[142],"has":[143],"some":[144],"limited":[145],"against":[147],"technique,":[150],"it":[151],"is":[152,160],"clear":[153],"a":[155,175,196],"more":[156],"resilient":[157],"detection":[158],"mechanism":[159],"required.":[161],"propose":[164],"extension":[166],"allows":[170],"omit":[174],"subset":[176],"modified":[179],"based":[182],"classification":[185],"attacker's":[189],"trained":[190],"model,":[191],"achieve":[195],"desired":[197],"rate.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}