{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3080321165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3018688","title":"Testing Contextualized Word Embeddings to Improve NER in Spanish Clinical Case Narratives","display_name":"Testing Contextualized Word Embeddings to Improve NER in Spanish Clinical Case Narratives","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3080321165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3018688","mag":"3080321165"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3018688","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3018688","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09174741.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09174741.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073530914","display_name":"Liliya Akhtyamova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4338-1483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144925","display_name":"Technological University Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/04t0qbt32","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144925"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liliya Akhtyamova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Technological University Dublin (Tallaght Campus), Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4338-1483","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Technological University Dublin (Tallaght Campus), Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144925"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009969418","display_name":"Paloma Mart\u0131\u0301nez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3013-3771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50357001","display_name":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03ths8210","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paloma Martinez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Carlos III University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3013-3771","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Carlos III University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067214173","display_name":"Karin Verspoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8661-1544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karin Verspoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia","School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8661-1544","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057111785","display_name":"John Cardiff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1863-4557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144925","display_name":"Technological University Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/04t0qbt32","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144925"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Cardiff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Technological University Dublin (Tallaght Campus), Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1863-4557","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Technological University Dublin (Tallaght Campus), Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144925"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.5728,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91706996,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"164717","last_page":"164726"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8305147886276245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.8146438002586365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7685379981994629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6831487417221069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.6753253936767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.6364610195159912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5944114923477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relationship-extraction","display_name":"Relationship extraction","score":0.5899798274040222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entity-linking","display_name":"Entity linking","score":0.5314993262290955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5236113667488098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.517296552658081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.48273390531539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4762563705444336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-embedding","display_name":"Word embedding","score":0.4428696930408478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-text-mining","display_name":"Biomedical text mining","score":0.4175340235233307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/f1-score","display_name":"F1 score","score":0.4142098128795624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.41388195753097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-mining","display_name":"Text mining","score":0.23471364378929138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-base","display_name":"Knowledge base","score":0.2158992886543274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.1702926754951477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.09971514344215393}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8305147886276245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.8146438002586365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7685379981994629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6831487417221069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.6753253936767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.6364610195159912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5944114923477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153604712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310755","display_name":"Relationship extraction","level":3,"score":0.5899798274040222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96711827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17012245","display_name":"Entity linking","level":3,"score":0.5314993262290955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5236113667488098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.517296552658081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.48273390531539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4762563705444336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777462759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18395344","display_name":"Word embedding","level":3,"score":0.4428696930408478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165141518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915126","display_name":"Biomedical text mining","level":3,"score":0.4175340235233307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148524875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6975395","display_name":"F1 score","level":2,"score":0.4142098128795624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.41388195753097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71472368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676880","display_name":"Text mining","level":2,"score":0.23471364378929138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.2158992886543274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1702926754951477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.09971514344215393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3018688","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3018688","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09174741.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:e-archivo.uc3m.es:10016/38089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10016/38089","pdf_url":"https://e-archivo.uc3m.es/bitstreams/431f6518-efc9-4d54-97bd-eb9d8a684549/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400817","display_name":"e-Archivo (Carlos III University of Madrid)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I50357001","host_organization_name":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:jupiter.its.unimelb.edu.au:11343/247130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11343/247130","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11343/247130","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196259","display_name":"Minerva Access (University of Melbourne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","host_organization_name":"The University of Melbourne","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma61RMIT.INST:11297463130001341","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3018688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402074","display_name":"RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","host_organization_name":"RMIT University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:610b17e0a8a14d48bff92a29783f50b0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/610b17e0a8a14d48bff92a29783f50b0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 164717-164726 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/27555114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3018688","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3018688","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09174741.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G19814181","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TIN2017-87548-C2-1-R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8261196058","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TIN2017-87548-C2-1-R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323770","funder_display_name":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320974","display_name":"University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323770","display_name":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03ths8210"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325671","display_name":"Technological University Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/04t0qbt32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335551","display_name":"Erasmus+","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3080321165.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3080321165.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501568714","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1967350923","https://openalex.org/W2041351400","https://openalex.org/W2058490165","https://openalex.org/W2103666183","https://openalex.org/W2109711517","https://openalex.org/W2144087279","https://openalex.org/W2144795048","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2163107094","https://openalex.org/W2170973209","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2252067781","https://openalex.org/W2252226131","https://openalex.org/W2296283641","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2621363197","https://openalex.org/W2682408236","https://openalex.org/W2734608416","https://openalex.org/W2762022354","https://openalex.org/W2880875857","https://openalex.org/W2884001105","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2945453987","https://openalex.org/W2946558277","https://openalex.org/W2948909602","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W2952729433","https://openalex.org/W2962685689","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2963026768","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2963950895","https://openalex.org/W2963997788","https://openalex.org/W2970361218","https://openalex.org/W2970417628","https://openalex.org/W2970482702","https://openalex.org/W2970511757","https://openalex.org/W2971277088","https://openalex.org/W2983842045","https://openalex.org/W2984197860","https://openalex.org/W2985294119","https://openalex.org/W2986178925","https://openalex.org/W2986285405","https://openalex.org/W2989464093","https://openalex.org/W2989947078","https://openalex.org/W2995251211","https://openalex.org/W3015777882","https://openalex.org/W3023545062","https://openalex.org/W3034392415","https://openalex.org/W4288263211","https://openalex.org/W4294170691","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6629895446","https://openalex.org/W6636510571","https://openalex.org/W6682082992","https://openalex.org/W6682691769","https://openalex.org/W6685158001","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6745159025","https://openalex.org/W6752788575","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6767385851","https://openalex.org/W6767434342","https://openalex.org/W6767521302","https://openalex.org/W6775563663"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064314529","https://openalex.org/W4308854924","https://openalex.org/W4387356431","https://openalex.org/W2057069926","https://openalex.org/W4391769229","https://openalex.org/W3111301126","https://openalex.org/W2489933339","https://openalex.org/W3045642779","https://openalex.org/W2963862093","https://openalex.org/W2527712604"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,97],"the":[1,15,83,117,157,161,165,224],"Big":[2],"Data":[3],"era,":[4],"there":[5],"is":[6,80],"an":[7],"increasing":[8],"need":[9],"to":[10,130],"fully":[11],"exploit":[12],"and":[13,50,145,151,212],"analyze":[14],"huge":[16],"quantity":[17],"of":[18,119,141,149,160,175,200],"information":[19,33,55,84],"available":[20],"about":[21],"health.":[22],"Natural":[23],"Language":[24],"Processing":[25],"(NLP)":[26],"technologies":[27],"can":[28,56],"contribute":[29],"by":[30],"extracting":[31],"relevant":[32],"from":[34,180],"unstructured":[35],"data":[36,172],"contained":[37],"in":[38,58,73,82,92,111,135],"Electronic":[39],"Health":[40],"Records":[41],"(EHR)":[42],"such":[43],"as":[44],"clinical":[45,113,138,176],"notes,":[46],"patients'":[47],"discharge":[48],"summaries":[49],"radiology":[51],"reports.":[52],"The":[53,63],"extracted":[54,179],"help":[57],"health-related":[59],"decision":[60],"making":[61],"processes.":[62],"Named":[64],"Entity":[65],"Recognition":[66],"(NER)":[67],"task,":[68,164],"which":[69,123],"detects":[70],"important":[71],"concepts":[72],"texts":[74],"(e.g.,":[75],"diseases,":[76],"symptoms,":[77],"drugs,":[78],"etc.),":[79],"crucial":[81],"extraction":[85,110],"process":[86],"yet":[87],"has":[88],"received":[89],"little":[90],"attention":[91],"languages":[93],"other":[94],"than":[95],"English.":[96],"this":[98,217],"work,":[99],"we":[100,219],"develop":[101],"a":[102,207],"deep":[103],"learning-based":[104],"NLP":[105],"pipeline":[106],"for":[107],"biomedical":[108],"entity":[109,133],"Spanish":[112,136,166],"narratives.":[114],"We":[115],"explore":[116],"use":[118],"contextualized":[120,195],"word":[121,128,150,214],"embeddings,":[122],"incorporate":[124],"context":[125],"variation":[126],"into":[127],"representations,":[129],"enhance":[131],"named":[132],"recognition":[134],"language":[137],"text,":[139],"particularly":[140],"pharmacological":[142],"substances,":[143],"compounds,":[144],"proteins.":[146],"Various":[147],"combinations":[148],"sense":[152],"embeddings":[153,196,202],"were":[154],"tested":[155],"on":[156],"evaluation":[158],"corpus":[159],"PharmacoNER":[162],"2019":[163],"Clinical":[167],"Case":[168],"Corpus":[169],"(SPACCC).":[170],"This":[171],"set":[173],"consists":[174],"case":[177],"sections":[178],"open":[181],"access":[182],"Spanish-language":[183],"medical":[184],"publications.":[185],"Our":[186],"study":[187],"shows":[188],"that":[189],"our":[190],"deep-learning-based":[191],"system":[192,208],"with":[193,198,209,223],"domain-specific":[194],"coupled":[197],"stacking":[199],"complementary":[201],"yields":[203],"superior":[204],"performance":[205,221],"over":[206],"integrated":[210],"standard":[211],"general-domain":[213],"embeddings.":[215],"With":[216],"system,":[218],"achieve":[220],"competitive":[222],"state-of-the-art.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}