{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3051745844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3017770","title":"Reinforcement Learning-Based Motion Planning for Automatic Parking System","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning-Based Motion Planning for Automatic Parking System","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3051745844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3017770","mag":"3051745844"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3017770","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3017770","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09171278.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09171278.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040705931","display_name":"Jiren Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6689-1470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiren Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6689-1470","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100691089","display_name":"Hui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2224-7085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037134973","display_name":"Shaoyu Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7607-3167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoyu Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109441269","display_name":"Fengwei Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengwei Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":4.7783,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95480812,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"154485","last_page":"154501"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8087940216064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7201841473579407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5193434953689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48156216740608215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47362324595451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.44329914450645447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4371391534805298}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8087940216064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7201841473579407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5193434953689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48156216740608215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47362324595451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44329914450645447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4371391534805298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3017770","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3017770","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09171278.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:01890c41aa3043eab819790bedbd0ece","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/01890c41aa3043eab819790bedbd0ece","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 154485-154501 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3017770","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3017770","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09171278.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3051745844.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3051745844.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W191942062","https://openalex.org/W1570734564","https://openalex.org/W1965958007","https://openalex.org/W1966064592","https://openalex.org/W2002462870","https://openalex.org/W2008929839","https://openalex.org/W2017989066","https://openalex.org/W2049543410","https://openalex.org/W2115739375","https://openalex.org/W2116935618","https://openalex.org/W2126316555","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2173248099","https://openalex.org/W2254786363","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2401249127","https://openalex.org/W2563338958","https://openalex.org/W2605944550","https://openalex.org/W2606508169","https://openalex.org/W2610757271","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2740814495","https://openalex.org/W2761873684","https://openalex.org/W2766447205","https://openalex.org/W2782851602","https://openalex.org/W2794995252","https://openalex.org/W2887063207","https://openalex.org/W2895923634","https://openalex.org/W2920362155","https://openalex.org/W2962977206","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2964291307","https://openalex.org/W2965904298","https://openalex.org/W2968983352","https://openalex.org/W2972590003","https://openalex.org/W2983107298","https://openalex.org/W3018828344","https://openalex.org/W6677794556","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6737465911","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6744838376","https://openalex.org/W6760405395"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2586732548","https://openalex.org/W3049728571","https://openalex.org/W20361778","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W2964765435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,68],"automatic":[1],"parking":[2,10,14,27,66,80,126,143,220,231,246,256,263],"motion":[3],"planning,":[4],"multi-objective":[5,65,136,205],"optimization":[6],"including":[7],"safety,":[8],"comfort,":[9],"efficiency,":[11],"and":[12,92,124,129,156,169,194,196,217,258],"final":[13],"performance":[15],"should":[16],"be":[17],"considered.":[18],"Most":[19],"of":[20,35,46,58,82,120,138,178],"the":[21,26,83,87,103,108,135,142,151,157,163,167,170,175,204,219,230,234,238,248,267],"current":[22],"research":[23],"relies":[24],"on":[25,112],"data":[28,54,88,90,104,180,185],"from":[29,233],"expert":[30,48,52,179],"drivers":[31],"or":[32,55,181],"prior":[33,56,182],"knowledge":[34,57],"humans.":[36],"However,":[37],"it":[38],"is":[39,99,154,160,199,213,226,251],"challenging":[40],"to":[41,101,202,215,228,253],"obtain":[42],"a":[43,73,184,210,223,244],"large":[44],"amount":[45],"high-quality":[47],"drivers'":[49,53],"data.":[50,221,236],"Furthermore,":[51],"humans":[59],"does":[60],"not":[61],"guarantee":[62],"an":[63,146],"optimal":[64,206],"performance.":[67],"this":[69,113],"article,":[70],"we":[71,116],"propose":[72],"model-based":[74],"reinforcement":[75],"learning":[76,158],"method":[77,250],"that":[78,149],"learns":[79],"policy":[81],"data,":[84],"by":[85],"executing":[86],"generation,":[89],"evaluation,":[91],"training":[93],"network,":[94],"iteratively.":[95],"The":[96,131],"trained":[97],"network":[98,225],"used":[100,227],"guide":[102],"generation":[105,186],"cycle":[106],"in":[107,141],"subsequent":[109],"iteration.":[110],"Based":[111],"proposed":[114,249],"method,":[115],"can":[117],"get":[118],"rid":[119],"human":[121],"experience":[122],"largely":[123],"learn":[125,229],"strategies":[127,133],"autonomously":[128],"quickly.":[130],"learned":[132],"ensure":[134],"optimality":[137],"above":[139],"requirements":[140,260],"process.":[144],"First,":[145],"environment":[147,153,171],"model":[148],"approximates":[150],"actual":[152],"established,":[155],"efficiency":[159,257],"accelerated":[161],"through":[162],"simulated":[164],"interaction":[165],"between":[166],"agent":[168],"model.":[172],"To":[173],"make":[174],"system":[176],"independent":[177],"knowledge,":[183],"algorithm":[187],"combining":[188],"Monte":[189],"Carlo":[190],"Tree":[191],"Search":[192],"(MCTS)":[193],"longitudinal":[195],"lateral":[197],"policies":[198],"proposed.":[200],"Then,":[201],"meet":[203],"demands":[207],"mentioned":[208],"above,":[209],"reward":[211],"function":[212],"constructed":[214],"evaluate":[216],"filter":[218],"Finally,":[222],"neural":[224],"strategy":[232],"filtered":[235],"From":[237],"real":[239],"vehicle":[240],"test":[241],"benchmarked":[242],"with":[243],"mass-produced":[245],"system,":[247],"found":[252],"achieve":[254],"better":[255],"lower":[259],"for":[261],"start":[262],"posture,":[264],"thereby":[265],"verifying":[266],"algorithm's":[268],"superiority.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}