{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3071062313","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3016147","title":"A Photonic Digitization Scheme With Enhanced Bit Resolution Based on Hierarchical Quantization","display_name":"A Photonic Digitization Scheme With Enhanced Bit Resolution Based on Hierarchical Quantization","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3071062313","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3016147","mag":"3071062313"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3016147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3016147","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09169929.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09169929.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034556106","display_name":"Shuna Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3633-4956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuna Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101487928","display_name":"Zhiwei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0219-2670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112326529","display_name":"Hao Chi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5913-2794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101483671","display_name":"Ran Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6181-9808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100453363","display_name":"Bo Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7837-3454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034556106"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.1036,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42784924,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"150242","last_page":"150247"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.7565021514892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6691087484359741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonics","display_name":"Photonics","score":0.5833679437637329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digitization","display_name":"Digitization","score":0.4882188141345978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.46566036343574524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4495035409927368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4426558017730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resolution","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","score":0.43697819113731384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2752615809440613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1965465247631073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18503543734550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1178501546382904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10922503471374512}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.7565021514892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6691087484359741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.5833679437637329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779308522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843958","display_name":"Digitization","level":2,"score":0.4882188141345978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.46566036343574524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4495035409927368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4426558017730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.43697819113731384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2752615809440613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1965465247631073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18503543734550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1178501546382904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10922503471374512}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3016147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3016147","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09169929.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3b4ba1c8501948c0943be42517bd20ac","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3b4ba1c8501948c0943be42517bd20ac","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 150242-150247 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3016147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3016147","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09169929.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1023919524","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1076556402","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LZ20F010003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3435950671","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"and Gr","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3486203383","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11574","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3545280757","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41905024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3693998060","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Q18F05000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4098009955","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61975048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4307890219","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6197504","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4631412804","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Q18F050002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5785846992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFB220320","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6509064404","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LQ18F050002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G714249425","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFB2203204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8194467227","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11574068","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G987789526","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901148","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3071062313.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3071062313.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967062849","https://openalex.org/W1974743389","https://openalex.org/W1986376587","https://openalex.org/W2036824778","https://openalex.org/W2039950989","https://openalex.org/W2069382269","https://openalex.org/W2078809220","https://openalex.org/W2130000734","https://openalex.org/W2137652711","https://openalex.org/W2138068245","https://openalex.org/W2140646712","https://openalex.org/W2148087572","https://openalex.org/W2293694788","https://openalex.org/W2395406760","https://openalex.org/W2404126751","https://openalex.org/W2419510670","https://openalex.org/W2527873732","https://openalex.org/W2554763192","https://openalex.org/W2599354226","https://openalex.org/W2781678776","https://openalex.org/W2801295984","https://openalex.org/W2802224493","https://openalex.org/W2991646242","https://openalex.org/W3021271220"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1539704186","https://openalex.org/W4254109238","https://openalex.org/W2399890175","https://openalex.org/W4308177873","https://openalex.org/W3202479762","https://openalex.org/W2480493049","https://openalex.org/W2592115649","https://openalex.org/W4322582183","https://openalex.org/W1937392525","https://openalex.org/W2347632764"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"major":[1],"limitation":[2],"of":[3,12,36,119],"the":[4,10,34,59,91,96,102,117,120,130],"photonic":[5,48,139],"digitization":[6,49],"schemes":[7],"based":[8,51],"on":[9,52],"phase-shifting":[11],"modulation":[13],"transfer":[14],"function":[15],"lies":[16],"in":[17,90],"its":[18],"relatively":[19,64],"low":[20],"bit":[21],"resolution,":[22],"which":[23,55,114],"is":[24,33,68,112],"log":[25],"<sub":[26],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[27],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sub>":[28],"(2N":[29],"),":[30],"where":[31],"N":[32],"number":[35],"optical":[37],"channels":[38],"or":[39],"modulators.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42],"paper,":[43],"we":[44],"propose":[45],"a":[46,63,85,134],"novel":[47],"scheme":[50,132],"hierarchical":[53,86],"quantization,":[54],"could":[56],"greatly":[57],"improve":[58],"system":[60,103],"resolution":[61,104,127],"with":[62],"simple":[65],"configuration.":[66],"It":[67],"shown":[69],"that":[70],"6N":[71],"quantization":[72,87,98],"levels,":[73],"can":[74,105],"be":[75,106],"realized":[76],"by":[77],"using":[78],"only":[79],"three":[80],"Mach-Zehnder":[81],"modulators":[82],"(MZMs)":[83],"and":[84,125],"module":[88,99],"(HQM)":[89],"proposed":[92,131],"scheme.":[93],"By":[94],"adjusting":[95],"fine":[97],"inside":[100],"HQM,":[101],"enhanced":[107],"greatly.":[108],"A":[109],"proof-of-concept":[110],"experiment":[111],"implemented,":[113],"fully":[115],"verifies":[116],"correctness":[118],"approach.":[121],"Since":[122],"simpler":[123],"configuration":[124],"higher":[126],"are":[128],"achieved,":[129],"provides":[133],"promising":[135],"solution":[136],"for":[137],"high-performance":[138],"analog-to-digital":[140],"conversion.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}