{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3008876543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3015686","title":"IMDfence: Architecting a Secure Protocol for Implantable Medical Devices","display_name":"IMDfence: Architecting a Secure Protocol for Implantable Medical Devices","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3008876543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3015686","mag":"3008876543"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3015686","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3015686","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09165063.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09165063.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035950421","display_name":"Muhammad Ali Siddiqi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8554-7077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801952686","display_name":"Erasmus MC","ror":"https://ror.org/018906e22","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ali Siddiqi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8554-7077","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000335949","display_name":"Christian Doerr","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143288331","display_name":"Hasso Plattner Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/058rn5r42","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143288331","https://openalex.org/I176453806"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176453806","display_name":"University of Potsdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03bnmw459","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Doerr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Threat Intelligence Laboratory, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Threat Intelligence Laboratory, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143288331","https://openalex.org/I176453806"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077785373","display_name":"Christos Strydis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0935-9322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801952686","display_name":"Erasmus MC","ror":"https://ror.org/018906e22","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Strydis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0935-9322","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.6556,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82333529,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"147948","last_page":"147964"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7794718742370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6979280710220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.6321320533752441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6314150094985962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.49910879135131836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.49842000007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-analysis","display_name":"Security analysis","score":0.4436117112636566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-service","display_name":"Security service","score":0.42676785588264465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.40702885389328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.2769520878791809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.18657177686691284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7794718742370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6979280710220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.6321320533752441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6314150094985962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.49910879135131836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.49842000007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.4436117112636566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29983905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445066","display_name":"Security service","level":3,"score":0.42676785588264465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.40702885389328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2769520878791809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.18657177686691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3015686","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3015686","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09165063.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.eur.nl:openaire/5a6418ae-c851-40ad-95ec-7b92ab02da64","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.eur.nl/en/publications/5a6418ae-c851-40ad-95ec-7b92ab02da64","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401266","display_name":"EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","host_organization_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Siddiqi, A, Doerr, C & Strydis, C 2020, 'IMDfence: Architecting a Secure Protocol for Implantable Medical Devices', IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 147948-147964. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3015686","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2002.09546","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.09546","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.09546","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:eur:oai:repub.eur.nl:130623","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1765/130623","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fd8288270ed5453aa8e2cae53d581205","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fd8288270ed5453aa8e2cae53d581205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 147948-147964 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kobv.de-opus4-uni-potsdam:58678","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/58678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400594","display_name":"publish.UP (University of Potsdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I176453806","host_organization_name":"University of Potsdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repub.eur.nl:130623","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repub.eur.nl/pub/130623","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400997","display_name":"RePub (Erasmus University, Rotterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","host_organization_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access vol. 8, pp. 147948-147964","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:4544390","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/4544390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3015686","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3015686","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09165063.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8799999952316284}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6591872826","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"780572","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3008876543.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3008876543.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W118842186","https://openalex.org/W180846440","https://openalex.org/W1554306188","https://openalex.org/W1572831554","https://openalex.org/W1970061687","https://openalex.org/W2024296478","https://openalex.org/W2032719203","https://openalex.org/W2044087439","https://openalex.org/W2052417873","https://openalex.org/W2086687976","https://openalex.org/W2101188359","https://openalex.org/W2102753983","https://openalex.org/W2125203425","https://openalex.org/W2136490051","https://openalex.org/W2143472559","https://openalex.org/W2198437815","https://openalex.org/W2284373869","https://openalex.org/W2408790585","https://openalex.org/W2515564784","https://openalex.org/W2558494191","https://openalex.org/W2559853975","https://openalex.org/W2560791318","https://openalex.org/W2620234603","https://openalex.org/W2729021829","https://openalex.org/W2788716077","https://openalex.org/W2790572611","https://openalex.org/W2790818685","https://openalex.org/W2802942571","https://openalex.org/W2883300025","https://openalex.org/W2886781091","https://openalex.org/W2896057619","https://openalex.org/W2899809907","https://openalex.org/W2899877235","https://openalex.org/W2902515791","https://openalex.org/W2914834208","https://openalex.org/W2936421449","https://openalex.org/W2939581753","https://openalex.org/W2950375354","https://openalex.org/W2962922098","https://openalex.org/W2969273504","https://openalex.org/W2969657702","https://openalex.org/W2995375072","https://openalex.org/W2995927175","https://openalex.org/W3013558657","https://openalex.org/W3100943082","https://openalex.org/W3104740195","https://openalex.org/W4235595569","https://openalex.org/W6604770868","https://openalex.org/W6607461947","https://openalex.org/W6633096624","https://openalex.org/W6687237769","https://openalex.org/W6725921353","https://openalex.org/W6756070808"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2358638783","https://openalex.org/W2517088709","https://openalex.org/W2252724828","https://openalex.org/W2379701766","https://openalex.org/W164648224","https://openalex.org/W1533722674","https://openalex.org/W2766896269","https://openalex.org/W2154157181","https://openalex.org/W2140451704","https://openalex.org/W2347236969"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,6,20,60,117,132,155],"past":[2],"decade,":[3],"focus":[4],"on":[5,142],"security":[7,41,64,82,93,125,133,157],"and":[8,37,69,105,126,140,148,171,176,183],"privacy":[9],"aspects":[10],"of":[11,22,63,120,131],"implantable":[12],"medical":[13],"devices":[14],"(IMDs)":[15],"has":[16],"intensified,":[17],"driven":[18],"by":[19],"multitude":[21],"cybersecurity":[23],"vulnerabilities":[24],"found":[25],"in":[26,116,166,180],"various":[27],"existing":[28],"devices.":[29],"However,":[30],"due":[31],"to":[32,47,58],"their":[33,70],"strict":[34],"computational,":[35],"energy":[36,169],"physical":[38],"constraints,":[39],"conventional":[40],"protocols":[42],"are":[43,145],"not":[44],"directly":[45],"applicable":[46],"IMDs.":[48],"Custom-tailored":[49],"schemes":[50],"have":[51],"been":[52],"proposed":[53],"instead":[54],"which,":[55],"however,":[56],"fail":[57],"cover":[59],"full":[61],"spectrum":[62],"features":[65],"that":[66,87,114,152],"modern":[67,143],"IMDs":[68,144],"ecosystems":[71,86],"so":[72],"critically":[73],"require.":[74],"In":[75],"this":[76],"paper":[77],"we":[78],"propose":[79],"IMDfence,":[80],"a":[81,89,160],"protocol":[83,109,134],"for":[84],"IMD":[85,168],"provides":[88],"comprehensive":[90],"yet":[91],"practical":[92],"portfolio,":[94],"which":[95],"includes":[96],"availability,":[97],"non-repudiation,":[98],"access":[99,113],"control,":[100],"entity":[101],"authentication,":[102],"remote":[103],"monitoring":[104],"system":[106,181],"scalability.":[107],"The":[108,129],"also":[110],"allows":[111],"emergency":[112],"results":[115],"graceful":[118],"degradation":[119],"offered":[121],"services":[122],"without":[123],"compromising":[124],"patient":[127],"safety.":[128],"performance":[130],"as":[135,137],"well":[136],"its":[138],"feasibility":[139],"impact":[141],"extensively":[146],"analyzed":[147],"evaluated.":[149],"We":[150],"find":[151],"IMDfence":[153],"achieves":[154],"above":[156],"requirements":[158],"at":[159],"mere":[161],"less":[162,172],"than":[163,173],"7%":[164],"increase":[165,179],"total":[167],"consumption,":[170],"14":[174],"ms":[175],"9":[177],"kB":[178],"delay":[182],"memory":[184],"footprint,":[185],"respectively.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}