{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3045543146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3012918","title":"A Time-Frequency Distribution-Based Approach for Decoding Visually Imagined Objects Using EEG Signals","display_name":"A Time-Frequency Distribution-Based Approach for Decoding Visually Imagined Objects Using EEG Signals","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3045543146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3012918","mag":"3045543146"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3012918","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3012918","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09151938.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09151938.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029787567","display_name":"Rami Alazrai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1296-0231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230091363","display_name":"German Jordanian University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jgpyd84","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rami Alazrai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1296-0231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055129480","display_name":"Amal Al-Saqqaf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7432-7434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230091363","display_name":"German Jordanian University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jgpyd84","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amal Al-Saqqaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067781656","display_name":"Feras Al\u2010Hawari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6948-3336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230091363","display_name":"German Jordanian University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jgpyd84","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feras Al-Hawari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6948-3336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013687663","display_name":"Hisham Alwanni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4438-8460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hisham Alwanni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4438-8460","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045110068","display_name":"Mohammad I. Daoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9399-5769"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230091363","display_name":"German Jordanian University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jgpyd84","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad I. Daoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9399-5769","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.3706,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80055845,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"138955","last_page":"138972"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.7401264905929565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.7122402191162109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6819199919700623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time\u2013frequency-analysis","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","score":0.5525057315826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.45959505438804626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.44869235157966614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.41777151823043823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.405992329120636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1442108452320099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10965493321418762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.08020487427711487}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.7401264905929565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.7122402191162109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6819199919700623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.5525057315826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.45959505438804626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.44869235157966614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41777151823043823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.405992329120636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1442108452320099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10965493321418762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08020487427711487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3012918","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3012918","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09151938.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1620b21279c047e59eeb01c929f1ed31","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1620b21279c047e59eeb01c929f1ed31","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 138955-138972 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3012918","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3012918","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09151938.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3045543146.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3045543146.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":92,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W46659105","https://openalex.org/W147121647","https://openalex.org/W195150910","https://openalex.org/W600475373","https://openalex.org/W1498260442","https://openalex.org/W1508466705","https://openalex.org/W1520309894","https://openalex.org/W1562216534","https://openalex.org/W1564141322","https://openalex.org/W1861537833","https://openalex.org/W1968417898","https://openalex.org/W1969387624","https://openalex.org/W1970690517","https://openalex.org/W1971162173","https://openalex.org/W1974666382","https://openalex.org/W1976715276","https://openalex.org/W1981180290","https://openalex.org/W1986208911","https://openalex.org/W1988988635","https://openalex.org/W1994900366","https://openalex.org/W1996866342","https://openalex.org/W1999126347","https://openalex.org/W2004092686","https://openalex.org/W2006051044","https://openalex.org/W2007226897","https://openalex.org/W2030729605","https://openalex.org/W2033894697","https://openalex.org/W2040775601","https://openalex.org/W2042525157","https://openalex.org/W2044543358","https://openalex.org/W2077418264","https://openalex.org/W2099641226","https://openalex.org/W2103454109","https://openalex.org/W2105271344","https://openalex.org/W2106006415","https://openalex.org/W2106872213","https://openalex.org/W2109943925","https://openalex.org/W2113019943","https://openalex.org/W2119915586","https://openalex.org/W2123923307","https://openalex.org/W2128909182","https://openalex.org/W2129138901","https://openalex.org/W2129259757","https://openalex.org/W2129812935","https://openalex.org/W2134888862","https://openalex.org/W2140413964","https://openalex.org/W2141885969","https://openalex.org/W2147659606","https://openalex.org/W2150127372","https://openalex.org/W2150391795","https://openalex.org/W2153104898","https://openalex.org/W2154053567","https://openalex.org/W2163614729","https://openalex.org/W2165878107","https://openalex.org/W2168771793","https://openalex.org/W2172000360","https://openalex.org/W2188563164","https://openalex.org/W2406376216","https://openalex.org/W2461134574","https://openalex.org/W2471106192","https://openalex.org/W2557301950","https://openalex.org/W2557547398","https://openalex.org/W2559463885","https://openalex.org/W2601067397","https://openalex.org/W2741907166","https://openalex.org/W2750484923","https://openalex.org/W2764091523","https://openalex.org/W2765890301","https://openalex.org/W2793776612","https://openalex.org/W2797694788","https://openalex.org/W2799730901","https://openalex.org/W2888184955","https://openalex.org/W2888355470","https://openalex.org/W2888927777","https://openalex.org/W2895717704","https://openalex.org/W2910825437","https://openalex.org/W2944170161","https://openalex.org/W2960585436","https://openalex.org/W2962951526","https://openalex.org/W2963232339","https://openalex.org/W2963341661","https://openalex.org/W2967205117","https://openalex.org/W2969265368","https://openalex.org/W2977663542","https://openalex.org/W3102455230","https://openalex.org/W3200543327","https://openalex.org/W4230797216","https://openalex.org/W4312326823","https://openalex.org/W6602002561","https://openalex.org/W6606058725","https://openalex.org/W6683915439","https://openalex.org/W6762145435"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2922348724","https://openalex.org/W200322357","https://openalex.org/W2130428257","https://openalex.org/W4308951944","https://openalex.org/W2988848585","https://openalex.org/W4312960290","https://openalex.org/W4233722919","https://openalex.org/W3203142394","https://openalex.org/W2057366091","https://openalex.org/W2049513647"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,18,33,54,60,64,98,152,160,174,177,181,184,188,196,202,209,221,229],"possibility":[4],"of":[5,20,36,72,100,162,166,179,183,190,201,211,228],"using":[6,53],"visual":[7],"imagery":[8,13],"tasks,":[9],"which":[10],"are":[11,80],"mental":[12],"tasks":[14],"that":[15,30,117,169],"involve":[16],"imagining":[17,115],"images":[19],"objects":[21,51,116,198],"perceptually":[22],"without":[23],"seeing":[24],"them,":[25],"as":[26,233,235],"a":[27,70,84],"control":[28],"paradigm":[29],"can":[31],"increase":[32],"control\u2019s":[34],"dimensionality":[35,182],"electroencephalography":[37],"(EEG)-based":[38],"brain-computer":[39],"interfaces.":[40],"Specifically,":[41],"we":[42,104,144],"propose":[43],"an":[44,107],"EEG-based":[45],"approach":[46,193,214],"for":[47,110,226],"decoding":[48,195,216,223],"visually":[49,93,217],"imagined":[50,94,197,218],"by":[52],"Choi-Williams":[55],"time-frequency":[56,66,74],"distribution":[57],"to":[58,82,90,119,158],"analyze":[59],"EEG":[61,108,167],"signals":[62],"in":[63,194,215],"joint":[65],"domain":[67],"and":[68,126,134,141,155,176,239],"extract":[69],"set":[71],"twelve":[73],"features":[75],"(TFFs).":[76],"The":[77,205],"extracted":[78,185],"TFFs":[79,186],"used":[81],"construct":[83],"multi-class":[85],"support":[86],"vector":[87],"machine":[88],"classifier":[89],"decode":[91],"various":[92,171],"objects.":[95,219],"To":[96],"validate":[97],"performance":[99,148,189],"our":[101,191,212],"proposed":[102,192,213],"approach,":[103],"have":[105,145],"recorded":[106],"dataset":[109],"16":[111],"healthy":[112],"subjects":[113],"while":[114],"belong":[118],"four":[120,203,230],"different":[121,139,164],"categories,":[122],"namely":[123,151],"nature":[124],"(fruits":[125],"animals),":[127],"decimal":[128],"digits,":[129],"English":[130],"alphabet":[131],"(capital":[132],"letters),":[133],"arrow":[135],"shapes":[136],"(arrows":[137],"with":[138],"colors":[140],"orientations).":[142],"Moreover,":[143],"designed":[146],"two":[147],"evaluation":[149],"analyses,":[150],"channel-based":[153],"analysis":[154],"feature-based":[156],"analysis,":[157],"quantify":[159],"impact":[161],"utilizing":[163],"groups":[165],"electrodes":[168],"cover":[170],"regions":[172],"on":[173,187],"scalp":[175],"effect":[178],"reducing":[180],"within":[199],"each":[200,227],"categories.":[204],"experimental":[206],"results":[207],"demonstrate":[208],"efficacy":[210],"Particularly,":[220],"average":[222],"accuracies":[224],"obtained":[225],"categories":[231],"were":[232],"high":[234],"96.67%,":[236],"93.64%,":[237],"88.95%,":[238],"92.68%.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
