{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3046053645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3012342","title":"A Low Cost Indoor Positioning System Using Bluetooth Low Energy","display_name":"A Low Cost Indoor Positioning System Using Bluetooth Low Energy","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3046053645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3012342","mag":"3046053645"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3012342","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3012342","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09149894.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09149894.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017499714","display_name":"Lu Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1242-5412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Ulster University, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1242-5412","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Ulster University, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052671966","display_name":"Fabio Ciravegna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5817-4810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Ciravegna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067279312","display_name":"Raymond Bond","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1078-2232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raymond Bond","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Ulster University, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1078-2232","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Ulster University, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038610271","display_name":"Maurice Mulvenna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1554-0785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maurice Mulvenna","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Ulster University, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1554-0785","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Ulster University, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.7512,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":187,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9782559,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"136858","last_page":"136871"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trilateration","display_name":"Trilateration","score":0.9090041518211365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beacon","display_name":"Beacon","score":0.8870388865470886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth-low-energy","display_name":"Bluetooth Low Energy","score":0.8814955949783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8027298450469971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.7138387560844421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5927952527999878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indoor-positioning-system","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","score":0.5408599376678467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/track","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","score":0.4276726245880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking-system","display_name":"Tracking system","score":0.41964656114578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-system","display_name":"Positioning system","score":0.41625916957855225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/location-tracking","display_name":"Location tracking","score":0.4118937849998474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.3483240306377411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.33840394020080566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21659451723098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.2124168574810028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1574665606021881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.10149163007736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.09945088624954224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08237013220787048}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20832178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146298","display_name":"Trilateration","level":3,"score":0.9090041518211365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102168758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7321258","display_name":"Beacon","level":2,"score":0.8870388865470886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776418194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1638779","display_name":"Bluetooth Low Energy","level":4,"score":0.8814955949783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8027298450469971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.7138387560844421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5927952527999878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777486483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6026477","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","level":3,"score":0.5408599376678467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.4276726245880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.41964656114578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778603505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning system","level":3,"score":0.41625916957855225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019020692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Location tracking","level":2,"score":0.4118937849998474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3483240306377411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.33840394020080566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21659451723098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.2124168574810028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1574665606021881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.10149163007736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.09945088624954224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08237013220787048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135981907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188056","display_name":"Triangulation","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3012342","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3012342","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09149894.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/57abe53e-b517-4933-bee2-8536e4428355","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/57abe53e-b517-4933-bee2-8536e4428355","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402454","display_name":"Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","host_organization_name":"University of Ulster","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bai, L, Ciravegna, F, Bond, R & Mulvenna, M 2020, 'A Low Cost Indoor Positioning System Using Bluetooth Low Energy', IEEE Access, vol. 8, 9149894, pp. 136858 - 136871. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3012342","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a1f62381991d4289bd31c362ee969a8e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a1f62381991d4289bd31c362ee969a8e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 136858-136871 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3012342","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3012342","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09149894.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2249340428","display_name":"SETA: An open, sustainable, ubiquitous data and service ecosystem for efficient, effective, safe, resilient mobility in metropolitan areas","funder_award_id":"688082","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G299218892","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"688082","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3046053645.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3046053645.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W127475754","https://openalex.org/W192647492","https://openalex.org/W1491992011","https://openalex.org/W1536296015","https://openalex.org/W1905859432","https://openalex.org/W1981831056","https://openalex.org/W2007220386","https://openalex.org/W2024669213","https://openalex.org/W2044811187","https://openalex.org/W2070027626","https://openalex.org/W2073523114","https://openalex.org/W2075190119","https://openalex.org/W2077911444","https://openalex.org/W2081140080","https://openalex.org/W2083988561","https://openalex.org/W2100045669","https://openalex.org/W2101722189","https://openalex.org/W2102509933","https://openalex.org/W2109182426","https://openalex.org/W2130218305","https://openalex.org/W2131801212","https://openalex.org/W2136317921","https://openalex.org/W2166315077","https://openalex.org/W2170240475","https://openalex.org/W2296575645","https://openalex.org/W2309512289","https://openalex.org/W2341720557","https://openalex.org/W2404870036","https://openalex.org/W2480997801","https://openalex.org/W2491009754","https://openalex.org/W2515976631","https://openalex.org/W2525798395","https://openalex.org/W2552249315","https://openalex.org/W2554376373","https://openalex.org/W2556403602","https://openalex.org/W2737572734","https://openalex.org/W2739876934","https://openalex.org/W2755762896","https://openalex.org/W2801853815","https://openalex.org/W2808244687","https://openalex.org/W2888465049","https://openalex.org/W2908906402","https://openalex.org/W2946331101","https://openalex.org/W2972995671","https://openalex.org/W6605204927","https://openalex.org/W6607840220","https://openalex.org/W6631925590","https://openalex.org/W6656700134","https://openalex.org/W6681158678","https://openalex.org/W6697755854","https://openalex.org/W6730122267","https://openalex.org/W7066739338"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3173094349","https://openalex.org/W3092991347","https://openalex.org/W2547093664","https://openalex.org/W2902536584","https://openalex.org/W2768262025","https://openalex.org/W3016405810","https://openalex.org/W2557547260","https://openalex.org/W2334228589","https://openalex.org/W3046430981","https://openalex.org/W2625772426"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"present":[4],"a":[5,49,103],"Bluetooth":[6],"Low":[7],"Energy":[8],"(BLE)":[9],"based":[10],"indoor":[11,95],"positioning":[12],"system":[13,36,68,122,130],"developed":[14],"for":[15],"monitoring":[16],"the":[17,56,59,65,71,79,86,94,98,101,120,136,145,149,159,163,170,173,177,188],"daily":[18],"living":[19,26,146],"pattern":[20],"of":[21,39,55,100,148,162,172,182],"old":[22],"people":[23,25],"(e.g.":[24],"with":[27,31],"dementia)":[28],"or":[29],"individuals":[30],"disabilities.":[32],"The":[33,52,125],"proposed":[34,66,91,121],"sensing":[35,67],"is":[37,83,131],"composed":[38],"multiple":[40],"sensors":[41],"that":[42,69,82,128,169],"are":[43,90],"installed":[44],"in":[45,48,58,114,139,152],"different":[46,115,180],"locations":[47],"home":[50,116,140],"environment.":[51],"specific":[53],"location":[54,96,138],"user":[57,137,150,178],"building":[60],"has":[61],"been":[62,111],"pre-recorded":[63],"into":[64],"captures":[70],"raw":[72],"Received":[73],"Signal":[74],"Strength":[75],"Indicator":[76],"(RSSI)":[77],"from":[78],"BLE":[80,174,183],"beacon":[81],"attached":[84],"on":[85,176],"user.":[87,164],"Two":[88],"methods":[89],"to":[92,118,133,157],"determine":[93],"and":[97,106,123,142,179],"tracking":[99,189],"users:":[102],"trilateration-based":[104],"method":[105],"fingerprinting-based":[107],"method.":[108],"Experiments":[109],"have":[110],"carried":[112],"out":[113],"environments":[117,141],"verify":[119],"methods.":[124],"results":[126,166],"show":[127,168],"our":[129],"able":[132],"accurately":[134],"track":[135,144],"can":[143],"patterns":[147],"which,":[151],"turn,":[153],"may":[154],"be":[155],"used":[156],"infer":[158],"health":[160],"status":[161],"Our":[165],"also":[167],"positions":[171],"beacons":[175,184],"quality":[181],"do":[185],"not":[186],"affect":[187],"accuracy.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-07-20T07:56:41.581041","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
