{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3045133013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3011331","title":"Hackem-LIBS: An Heterogeneous Stacking Ensemble Model for Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Elemental Quantitative Analysis","display_name":"Hackem-LIBS: An Heterogeneous Stacking Ensemble Model for Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Elemental Quantitative Analysis","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3045133013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3011331","mag":"3045133013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3011331","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3011331","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09146288.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09146288.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103156488","display_name":"Jian Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7281-2903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jian Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101651551","display_name":"Hongyun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0751-1092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088611934","display_name":"Gelian Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1760-3049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018690959","display_name":"Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry","ror":"https://ror.org/0356cst02","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I3018690959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gelian Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018690959","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101588348","display_name":"Cheng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4281-6214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059396394","display_name":"Cenxi Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8067-2517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cenxi Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070936799","display_name":"Tao L\u0171","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7265-9099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069443547","display_name":"Rui Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2706-4755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103156488"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.9052,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68937654,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"136141","last_page":"136150"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11854","display_name":"Laser-induced spectroscopy and plasma","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11854","display_name":"Laser-induced spectroscopy and plasma","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10180","display_name":"Analytical chemistry methods development","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11212","display_name":"Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis","score":0.9369000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stacking","display_name":"Stacking","score":0.869819164276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-induced-breakdown-spectroscopy","display_name":"Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy","score":0.8048280477523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.7093576192855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6590670347213745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.5728756189346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4446738064289093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4315341114997864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4110949635505676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectroscopy","display_name":"Spectroscopy","score":0.4038209915161133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-system","display_name":"Biological system","score":0.39028021693229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3392525315284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3365980386734009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3204575777053833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.1870446503162384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07819369435310364}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33347731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285210","display_name":"Stacking","level":2,"score":0.869819164276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50497907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2654990","display_name":"Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy","level":3,"score":0.8048280477523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7093576192855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6590670347213745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.5728756189346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4446738064289093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4315341114997864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4110949635505676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.4038209915161133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.39028021693229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3392525315284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3365980386734009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3204575777053833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.1870446503162384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07819369435310364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3011331","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3011331","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09146288.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:76d194000ee645d489d529605af16618","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/76d194000ee645d489d529605af16618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 136141-136150 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3011331","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3011331","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09146288.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4342840919","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41627803","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4343082729","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61272403","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6743098489","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4162780","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8955107213","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Major","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3045133013.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3045133013.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W1578949765","https://openalex.org/W1581044602","https://openalex.org/W1795792415","https://openalex.org/W1822045618","https://openalex.org/W1987953420","https://openalex.org/W2010918868","https://openalex.org/W2026282042","https://openalex.org/W2029505541","https://openalex.org/W2043124092","https://openalex.org/W2050206695","https://openalex.org/W2053887386","https://openalex.org/W2056987949","https://openalex.org/W2069756596","https://openalex.org/W2082289296","https://openalex.org/W2091406714","https://openalex.org/W2100128988","https://openalex.org/W2127548927","https://openalex.org/W2154568261","https://openalex.org/W2157258107","https://openalex.org/W2170248211","https://openalex.org/W2336022797","https://openalex.org/W2436134322","https://openalex.org/W2475672333","https://openalex.org/W2520775273","https://openalex.org/W2563285874","https://openalex.org/W2569452264","https://openalex.org/W2581998726","https://openalex.org/W2592340788","https://openalex.org/W2626657278","https://openalex.org/W2740436868","https://openalex.org/W2750664433","https://openalex.org/W2783336591","https://openalex.org/W2791146446","https://openalex.org/W2804240468","https://openalex.org/W2807005934","https://openalex.org/W2919198568","https://openalex.org/W4250429275","https://openalex.org/W6628972287"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2035329725","https://openalex.org/W2381174698","https://openalex.org/W2070875936","https://openalex.org/W4250391473","https://openalex.org/W4361273630","https://openalex.org/W4302292679","https://openalex.org/W3185493346","https://openalex.org/W2885744819","https://openalex.org/W4241625287","https://openalex.org/W2099182329"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Laser-Induced":[0],"Breakdown":[1],"Spectroscopy":[2],"(LIBS)":[3],"is":[4,139,199],"a":[5,66,91,135],"popular":[6],"technique":[7],"for":[8],"elemental":[9],"quantitative":[10,83,204],"analysis":[11,84,205],"in":[12,192],"chemistry":[13],"community,":[14],"based":[15],"on":[16,176],"which,":[17],"various":[18],"methods":[19],"are":[20,180],"developed":[21],"to":[22,40,46,80,133,141,158,202],"determinate":[23],"the":[24,30,34,51,100,116,120,125,130,143,160,183,194,203,211],"concentrations":[25,195],"of":[26,33,54,59,162,196,206],"chemical":[27,208],"samples.":[28],"Despite":[29],"successful":[31],"applications":[32],"existing":[35],"methods,":[36],"they":[37],"still":[38],"struggle":[39],"obtain":[41],"accurate":[42],"samples":[43,55,209],"analyses,":[44],"due":[45],"their":[47],"limited":[48],"prediction":[49],"capability,":[50],"complex":[52,207],"compositions":[53],"and":[56,113,170,182,198],"mutual":[57],"interference":[58],"elements.":[60],"In":[61,99,119,146],"this":[62],"paper,":[63],"we":[64,89,103,123,148],"propose":[65,90],"novel":[67],"heterogeneous":[68,106],"stacking":[69,92],"ensemble":[70,93],"learning":[71,94,169],"model":[72],"called":[73],"Heterogeneous":[74],"stACKing":[75],"Ensemble":[76],"Model":[77],"LIBS":[78,82,212],"(Hackem-LIBS)":[79],"achieve":[81],"with":[85,109,153],"higher":[86,171],"accuracy.":[87],"Specifically,":[88],"framework":[95],"consisting":[96],"two":[97,177],"stages.":[98],"first":[101],"stage,":[102,122],"train":[104,134],"different":[105],"component":[107],"learners":[108,132],"multiple":[110],"sub-training":[111],"sets":[112],"pick":[114],"out":[115],"optimal":[117],"learners.":[118],"second":[121],"leverage":[124],"enhanced":[126],"features":[127],"predicted":[128],"by":[129],"selected":[131],"stronger":[136],"meta-learner,":[137],"which":[138,165],"used":[140],"make":[142],"final":[144],"prediction.":[145],"addition,":[147],"combine":[149],"Genetic":[150],"Algorithm":[151],"(GA)":[152],"Sequential":[154],"Forward":[155],"Selection":[156],"(SFS)":[157],"reduce":[159],"redundancy":[161],"training":[163],"features,":[164],"ensures":[166],"more":[167],"effective":[168],"computation":[172],"efficiency.":[173],"Extensive":[174],"experiments":[175],"public":[178],"benchmarks":[179],"conducted":[181],"results":[184],"show":[185],"that":[186],"our":[187],"approach":[188],"achieves":[189],"better":[190],"accuracy":[191],"determinating":[193],"elements":[197],"practically":[200],"applicable":[201],"via":[210],"technique.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}