{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3044838616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3010882","title":"Manuscripts Image Retrieval Using Deep Learning Incorporating a Variety of Fusion Levels","display_name":"Manuscripts Image Retrieval Using Deep Learning Incorporating a Variety of Fusion Levels","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3044838616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3010882","mag":"3044838616"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3010882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3010882","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09145565.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09145565.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091017399","display_name":"Manal M. Khayyat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0830-4757"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manal M. Khayyat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Deanship of Preparatory Year of the Joint Medical Track, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia","Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0830-4757","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Deanship of Preparatory Year of the Joint Medical Track, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025860050","display_name":"Lamiaa A. Elrefaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5781-2251"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207547235","display_name":"Benha University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tn5ee41","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207547235"]}],"countries":["EG","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lamiaa A. Elrefaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5781-2251","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207547235"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.6708,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71347155,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"136460","last_page":"136486"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8280949592590332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8201816082000732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6756613254547119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6750075221061707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6435638666152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5993071794509888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-retrieval","display_name":"Image retrieval","score":0.557091236114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.5298340916633606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.5067487359046936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.49718979001045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.43638888001441956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3366338610649109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.332897424697876}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8280949592590332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8201816082000732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6756613254547119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6750075221061707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6435638666152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5993071794509888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1667742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10927554","display_name":"Image retrieval","level":3,"score":0.557091236114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.5298340916633606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.5067487359046936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.49718979001045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.43638888001441956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3366338610649109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.332897424697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3010882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3010882","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09145565.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2842048c04274aaeaf34ffb4ddf26c07","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2842048c04274aaeaf34ffb4ddf26c07","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 136460-136486 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3010882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3010882","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09145565.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1131654615","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DG-047-611-1440","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322322","funder_display_name":"King Abdulaziz University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322322","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3044838616.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3044838616.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":98,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W129651204","https://openalex.org/W143993393","https://openalex.org/W183718133","https://openalex.org/W1529880253","https://openalex.org/W1654865708","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1990440989","https://openalex.org/W2054613063","https://openalex.org/W2062395968","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2095697481","https://openalex.org/W2096422142","https://openalex.org/W2109298414","https://openalex.org/W2116639937","https://openalex.org/W2126598020","https://openalex.org/W2131744502","https://openalex.org/W2165689363","https://openalex.org/W2179063465","https://openalex.org/W2187920722","https://openalex.org/W2270754115","https://openalex.org/W2294951230","https://openalex.org/W2460404912","https://openalex.org/W2470673105","https://openalex.org/W2479557781","https://openalex.org/W2516521587","https://openalex.org/W2583409994","https://openalex.org/W2585658440","https://openalex.org/W2605741187","https://openalex.org/W2610995990","https://openalex.org/W2703895418","https://openalex.org/W2738221750","https://openalex.org/W2740555793","https://openalex.org/W2751850814","https://openalex.org/W2765261394","https://openalex.org/W2766353760","https://openalex.org/W2766671789","https://openalex.org/W2767784948","https://openalex.org/W2768834613","https://openalex.org/W2770568736","https://openalex.org/W2781548983","https://openalex.org/W2800838801","https://openalex.org/W2802835792","https://openalex.org/W2804748097","https://openalex.org/W2807719128","https://openalex.org/W2809904748","https://openalex.org/W2810585355","https://openalex.org/W2832139998","https://openalex.org/W2883402437","https://openalex.org/W2888928654","https://openalex.org/W2890011122","https://openalex.org/W2891899410","https://openalex.org/W2893235790","https://openalex.org/W2895291380","https://openalex.org/W2897543288","https://openalex.org/W2899247293","https://openalex.org/W2902650889","https://openalex.org/W2903295370","https://openalex.org/W2903556930","https://openalex.org/W2909358651","https://openalex.org/W2912405321","https://openalex.org/W2914767245","https://openalex.org/W2937047963","https://openalex.org/W2942105743","https://openalex.org/W2949547296","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2963588253","https://openalex.org/W2963745697","https://openalex.org/W2970574105","https://openalex.org/W2974335209","https://openalex.org/W2978481357","https://openalex.org/W2985825743","https://openalex.org/W2987098737","https://openalex.org/W2989689141","https://openalex.org/W2997159780","https://openalex.org/W2998301900","https://openalex.org/W3003549242","https://openalex.org/W3049247022","https://openalex.org/W3091905774","https://openalex.org/W3107770553","https://openalex.org/W4247309742","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6607368659","https://openalex.org/W6636958260","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6679775712","https://openalex.org/W6726323330","https://openalex.org/W6732770780","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6748303958","https://openalex.org/W6751830489","https://openalex.org/W6762103847","https://openalex.org/W6767075311","https://openalex.org/W6781945172","https://openalex.org/W6783596713","https://openalex.org/W6786630745","https://openalex.org/W6829117535","https://openalex.org/W6903675727"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2591697403","https://openalex.org/W2944728705","https://openalex.org/W2904022177","https://openalex.org/W2359348847","https://openalex.org/W3011538607","https://openalex.org/W4294432981","https://openalex.org/W4321441197","https://openalex.org/W2953716828","https://openalex.org/W2469820710","https://openalex.org/W4321276295"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,23,142],"instantaneous":[1],"search":[2],"and":[3,26,58,97,118,126,140,158,183],"retrieval":[4],"of":[5,151,160],"the":[6,30,40,68,88,92,101,124,161,166,188],"most":[7,31],"relevant":[8],"images":[9,43,69,94,102],"to":[10,29,38,74,99,104],"a":[11,16,35,48,53,82,148],"specific":[12],"query":[13],"image":[14,190],"is":[15,34],"desirable":[17],"application":[18],"for":[19,56],"all":[20],"digital":[21],"libraries.":[22],"automatic":[24],"extraction":[25],"classification":[27,181],"according":[28,73,103],"distinguishable":[32],"features,":[33],"crucial":[36],"step":[37],"detect":[39],"similarities":[41],"among":[42],"successfully.":[44],"This":[45],"study":[46],"introduces":[47],"novel":[49],"approach":[50],"that":[51],"utilizes":[52],"fusion":[54,144,163],"model":[55,115,145,153],"classifying":[57],"retrieving":[59],"historical":[60],"Arabic":[61,169],"manuscripts'":[62,93],"images.":[63],"To":[64],"accomplish":[65],"our":[66],"goal,":[67],"are":[70,95,131],"first":[71],"classified":[72],"their":[75,105],"extracted":[76,96],"deep":[77,113,128],"learning":[78,114,129],"visual":[79,125],"features":[80,107],"utilizing":[81],"pre-trained":[83],"convolutional":[84],"neural":[85],"network.":[86],"Then,":[87],"texts":[89],"written":[90],"in":[91,147],"pre-processed":[98],"classify":[100],"textual":[106,127],"using":[108],"an":[109],"optimized":[110],"bidirectional":[111],"LSTM":[112],"with":[116],"attention":[117],"batch":[119],"normalization":[120],"layers.":[121],"Finally,":[122],"both":[123],"models":[130],"fused":[132],"at":[133],"three":[134],"different":[135],"fusion-levels":[136],"named:":[137],"decision-level,":[138],"features-level,":[139],"score-level.":[141],"score-level":[143],"resulted":[146],"considerable":[149],"improvement":[150],"each":[152],"used":[154],"individually.":[155],"Extensive":[156],"experimentation":[157],"evaluation":[159],"proposed":[162],"method":[164],"on":[165,187],"collected":[167],"ancient":[168],"manuscripts":[170],"dataset":[171],"proved":[172],"its":[173],"robustness":[174],"against":[175],"other":[176],"state-of-the-art":[177],"methods":[178],"recording":[179],"99%":[180],"accuracy":[182,186],"98%":[184],"mean":[185],"top-10":[189],"retrieval.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
