{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3043835189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3010815","title":"Soft-Ranking Label Encoding for Robust Facial Age Estimation","display_name":"Soft-Ranking Label Encoding for Robust Facial Age Estimation","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3043835189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3010815","mag":"3043835189"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3010815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3010815","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09145576.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09145576.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071666356","display_name":"Xusheng Zeng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xusheng Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033450088","display_name":"Junyang Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junyang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038748720","display_name":"Changxing Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7232-3181"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changxing Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071666356"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.926,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94917085,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"134209","last_page":"134218"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11322","display_name":"Facial Rejuvenation and Surgery Techniques","score":0.9693999886512756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2708","display_name":"Dermatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9621000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7023257613182068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.6792811155319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5914377570152283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5527021288871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.538174569606781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.447626531124115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.36858946084976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3647322654724121}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7023257613182068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.6792811155319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5914377570152283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5527021288871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.538174569606781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.447626531124115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.36858946084976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3647322654724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3010815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3010815","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09145576.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:477bcc911330422d811b5a422b9ad7cc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/477bcc911330422d811b5a422b9ad7cc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 134209-134218 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3010815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3010815","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09145576.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G107478356","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"19JQ01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1477544716","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Guangdong","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2376276132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2702356746","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61702","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4475543476","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019JQ01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7622166304","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6170219","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7810175455","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201804","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G837944118","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61702193","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8951484681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3043835189.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3043835189.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104184427","https://openalex.org/W1167806532","https://openalex.org/W1669690275","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2009088607","https://openalex.org/W2009441118","https://openalex.org/W2032454342","https://openalex.org/W2039140324","https://openalex.org/W2057898782","https://openalex.org/W2066454034","https://openalex.org/W2087914506","https://openalex.org/W2103077782","https://openalex.org/W2118664399","https://openalex.org/W2121939926","https://openalex.org/W2122089892","https://openalex.org/W2137802466","https://openalex.org/W2163626514","https://openalex.org/W2170854557","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2239239723","https://openalex.org/W2239890062","https://openalex.org/W2248200858","https://openalex.org/W2271654614","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2440214111","https://openalex.org/W2472456744","https://openalex.org/W2488236012","https://openalex.org/W2510725918","https://openalex.org/W2515770085","https://openalex.org/W2548780814","https://openalex.org/W2553156677","https://openalex.org/W2557430144","https://openalex.org/W2566000288","https://openalex.org/W2579021424","https://openalex.org/W2663800299","https://openalex.org/W2731793484","https://openalex.org/W2741630455","https://openalex.org/W2748140016","https://openalex.org/W2751572766","https://openalex.org/W2751647243","https://openalex.org/W2765131766","https://openalex.org/W2771116199","https://openalex.org/W2793495103","https://openalex.org/W2798868324","https://openalex.org/W2807744618","https://openalex.org/W2807904173","https://openalex.org/W2889962106","https://openalex.org/W2921918732","https://openalex.org/W2946726474","https://openalex.org/W2955216108","https://openalex.org/W2963717664","https://openalex.org/W2969597887","https://openalex.org/W2972367691","https://openalex.org/W3000477090","https://openalex.org/W3003442407","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W3103118412","https://openalex.org/W3105616927","https://openalex.org/W6604254268","https://openalex.org/W6627801759","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6720342106","https://openalex.org/W6726453277","https://openalex.org/W6751978109","https://openalex.org/W6754710829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2188500270","https://openalex.org/W2303858293","https://openalex.org/W2915512527","https://openalex.org/W51364034","https://openalex.org/W2793336762","https://openalex.org/W2091548507","https://openalex.org/W2368816706","https://openalex.org/W3159414774","https://openalex.org/W4385728102","https://openalex.org/W2378093739"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"facial":[1,45,66],"age":[2,46,53,97,117,129],"estimation":[3],"can":[4],"be":[5],"used":[6],"in":[7,30,103],"a":[8,35,51,81],"wide":[9],"range":[10],"of":[11,25,65,115],"real-world":[12],"applications.":[13],"However,":[14],"this":[15,31],"process":[16],"is":[17],"challenging":[18],"due":[19],"to":[20,57],"the":[21,26,41,69,73,101,106,112],"randomness":[22],"and":[23,72,108,136],"slowness":[24],"aging":[27],"process.":[28],"Accordingly,":[29],"paper,":[32],"we":[33,49,90,121],"propose":[34,50],"novel":[36,52],"method":[37],"aimed":[38],"at":[39],"overcoming":[40],"challenges":[42],"associated":[43],"with":[44],"estimation.":[47],"First,":[48],"encoding":[54,118],"method,":[55],"referred":[56],"as":[58],"`Soft-ranking',":[59],"which":[60],"encodes":[61],"two":[62],"important":[63],"properties":[64],"age,":[67],"i.e.,":[68,131],"ordinal":[70],"property":[71],"correlation":[74],"between":[75,105],"adjacent":[76],"ages.":[77],"Therefore,":[78],"Soft-ranking":[79],"provides":[80],"richer":[82],"supervision":[83],"signal":[84],"for":[85,96],"training":[86,107],"deep":[87],"models.":[88],"Moreover,":[89,120],"carefully":[91],"analyze":[92],"existing":[93],"evaluation":[94],"protocols":[95],"estimation,":[98],"finding":[99],"that":[100],"overlap":[102],"identity":[104],"testing":[109],"sets":[110],"affects":[111],"relative":[113],"performance":[114,124],"different":[116],"methods.":[119],"achieve":[122],"state-of-the-art":[123],"on":[125],"four":[126],"most":[127],"popular":[128],"databases,":[130],"Morph":[132],"II,":[133],"AgeDB,":[134],"CLAP2015,":[135],"CLAP2016.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-03-31T07:56:22.981413","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}