{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3036422000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3010226","title":"A Survey of COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps","display_name":"A Survey of COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3036422000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3010226","mag":"3036422000"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3010226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3010226","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09144194.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09144194.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080202547","display_name":"Nadeem Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8169-040X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadeem Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, Australia","School of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia","Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, WA, Australia","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8169-040X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091619082","display_name":"Regio A. Michelin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6758-1466"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Regio A. Michelin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, Australia","School of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia","ORCiD","Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6758-1466","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046582198","display_name":"Wanli Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6000-7242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanli Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, Australia","School of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia","Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, WA, Australia","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6000-7242","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032506814","display_name":"Sushmita Ruj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8698-6709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sushmita Ruj","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIRO Data61, Marsfield, Sydney, Australia","CSIRO Data61, Marsfield, Sydney, NSW, Australia","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8698-6709","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO Data61, Marsfield, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I42894916"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO Data61, Marsfield, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I42894916"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024845170","display_name":"Robert Malaney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9672-5601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Malaney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, Australia","School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications (EE&T), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia","Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, WA, Australia","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9672-5601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications (EE&T), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059077090","display_name":"Salil S. Kanhere","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1835-3475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salil S. Kanhere","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, Australia","School of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia","ORCiD","Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1835-3475","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031507494","display_name":"Aruna Seneviratne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6894-7987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aruna Seneviratne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, Australia","School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications (EE&T), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia","Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, WA, Australia","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6894-7987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications (EE&T), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042014818","display_name":"Wen Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4076-1811"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, Australia","School of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia","ORCiD","Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4076-1811","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035745103","display_name":"Helge Janicke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1345-2829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12079687","display_name":"Edith Cowan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnwe22","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helge Janicke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, Australia","ECU Security Research Institute (ECUSRI), Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia","Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, WA, Australia","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1345-2829","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECU Security Research Institute (ECUSRI), Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015261020","display_name":"Sanjay Jha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1844-1520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjay K. Jha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, Australia","School of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia","ORCiD","Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1844-1520","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":147.7009,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":597,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99983313,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"134577","last_page":"134601"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-tracing","display_name":"Contact tracing","score":0.9169780015945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7073745131492615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.6429331302642822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4907554090023041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surprise","display_name":"Surprise","score":0.49030283093452454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.4502628445625305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.44191455841064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.4104631841182709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.10115697979927063}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113162765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128437","display_name":"Contact tracing","level":5,"score":0.9169780015945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7073745131492615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.6429331302642822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4907554090023041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780343955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333173","display_name":"Surprise","level":2,"score":0.49030283093452454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.4502628445625305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.44191455841064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4104631841182709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.10115697979927063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3010226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3010226","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09144194.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2006.10306","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.10306","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.10306","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:unsworks.library.unsw.edu.au:1959.4/unsworks_74229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_74229","pdf_url":"https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/723b1b85-2924-40d5-be9a-07381a4c96ef/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401737","display_name":"UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40053085","host_organization_name":"Australian Defence Force Academy","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40053085"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, 8, 134577-134601","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ae4ad55de3d848b9ad072cf0490d51a2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ae4ad55de3d848b9ad072cf0490d51a2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 134577-134601 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:unsworks.library.unsw.edu.au:1959.4/unsworks_75761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_75761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401737","display_name":"UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40053085","host_organization_name":"Australian Defence Force Academy","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40053085"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ARXIV, 2006.10306","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3010226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3010226","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09144194.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315885","display_name":"Australian Government","ror":"https://ror.org/0314h5y94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3036422000.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3036422000.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485216661","https://openalex.org/W1520914943","https://openalex.org/W1532961226","https://openalex.org/W1601001795","https://openalex.org/W1607188293","https://openalex.org/W1967373117","https://openalex.org/W2024669213","https://openalex.org/W2086469521","https://openalex.org/W2129441532","https://openalex.org/W2141420453","https://openalex.org/W2145417574","https://openalex.org/W2156186849","https://openalex.org/W2533649976","https://openalex.org/W2766393794","https://openalex.org/W2889526077","https://openalex.org/W2963660578","https://openalex.org/W2981243347","https://openalex.org/W3011460647","https://openalex.org/W3014574216","https://openalex.org/W3016091473","https://openalex.org/W3021029151","https://openalex.org/W3022035866","https://openalex.org/W3023474081","https://openalex.org/W3023633122","https://openalex.org/W3025818308","https://openalex.org/W3028836119","https://openalex.org/W3030358118","https://openalex.org/W3030803207","https://openalex.org/W3031162175","https://openalex.org/W3035842971","https://openalex.org/W3037447387","https://openalex.org/W3037878022","https://openalex.org/W3046410936","https://openalex.org/W3098663026","https://openalex.org/W3122903211","https://openalex.org/W3133665449","https://openalex.org/W3196194933","https://openalex.org/W4287754955","https://openalex.org/W6656700134","https://openalex.org/W6775227739","https://openalex.org/W6776482163","https://openalex.org/W6776613861","https://openalex.org/W6776669840","https://openalex.org/W6776907071","https://openalex.org/W6777659174","https://openalex.org/W6777877340","https://openalex.org/W6778371707","https://openalex.org/W6778872031","https://openalex.org/W6779218843","https://openalex.org/W6779811891","https://openalex.org/W6785358756"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4236382845","https://openalex.org/W4388712630","https://openalex.org/W2481168998","https://openalex.org/W2476994687","https://openalex.org/W3158100496","https://openalex.org/W3130225502","https://openalex.org/W2170160357","https://openalex.org/W2012140923","https://openalex.org/W4287554683","https://openalex.org/W3215370305"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"recent":[1,80],"outbreak":[2],"of":[3,44,56,77,82,119,130,137],"COVID-19":[4,19],"has":[5],"taken":[6],"the":[7,45,74,115,145,178],"world":[8],"by":[9,155,177],"surprise,":[10],"forcing":[11],"lockdowns":[12],"and":[13,28,107,143,169],"straining":[14],"public":[15],"health":[16],"care":[17],"systems.":[18],"is":[20],"known":[21],"to":[22],"be":[23,52],"a":[24,41,53],"highly":[25],"infectious":[26],"virus,":[27],"infected":[29,85],"individuals":[30],"do":[31],"not":[32],"initially":[33],"exhibit":[34],"symptoms,":[35],"while":[36],"some":[37,136],"remain":[38],"asymptomatic.":[39],"Thus,":[40],"non-negligible":[42],"fraction":[43],"population":[46,179],"can,":[47],"at":[48,180],"any":[49],"given":[50],"time,":[51],"hidden":[54],"source":[55],"transmissions.":[57],"In":[58,110],"response,":[59],"many":[60,131],"governments":[61],"have":[62,90,139,148],"shown":[63],"great":[64],"interest":[65],"in":[66],"smartphone":[67],"contact":[68],"tracing":[69,78,88,122,133,168],"apps":[70,89],"that":[71],"help":[72],"automate":[73],"difficult":[75],"task":[76],"all":[79],"contacts":[81],"newly":[83],"identified":[84],"individuals.":[86],"However,":[87],"generated":[91],"much":[92],"discussion":[93],"around":[94],"their":[95,151],"key":[96],"attributes,":[97],"including":[98],"system":[99],"architecture,":[100],"data":[101],"management,":[102],"privacy,":[103],"security,":[104],"proximity":[105],"estimation,":[106],"attack":[108],"vulnerability.":[109],"this":[111],"article,":[112],"we":[113],"provide":[114],"first":[116],"comprehensive":[117],"review":[118],"these":[120],"much-discussed":[121],"app":[123,134,162],"attributes.":[124],"We":[125,153],"also":[126],"present":[127],"an":[128],"overview":[129],"proposed":[132],"examples,":[135],"which":[138,164],"been":[140],"deployed":[141],"countrywide,":[142],"discuss":[144],"concerns":[146],"users":[147],"reported":[149],"regarding":[150],"usage.":[152],"close":[154],"outlining":[156],"potential":[157],"research":[158],"directions":[159],"for":[160],"next-generation":[161],"design,":[163],"would":[165],"facilitate":[166],"improved":[167],"security":[170],"performance,":[171],"as":[172,174],"well":[173],"wide":[175],"adoption":[176],"large.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":145},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":258},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T09:21:30.201066","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
