{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3042758601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3009471","title":"A Hybrid Neural Network for Fast Automatic Modulation Classification","display_name":"A Hybrid Neural Network for Fast Automatic Modulation Classification","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3042758601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3009471","mag":"3042758601"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3009471","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3009471","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09142196.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09142196.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062863838","display_name":"Rendeng Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7905-5589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110458","display_name":"Institute of Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/01z143507","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210110458"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rendeng Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7905-5589","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210110458"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039672587","display_name":"Wenjuan Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2950-1224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110458","display_name":"Institute of Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/01z143507","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210110458"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjuan Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210110458"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005905514","display_name":"Xian Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0038-9816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110458","display_name":"Institute of Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/01z143507","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210110458"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xian Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0038-9816","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210110458"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091305859","display_name":"Zhanpeng Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110458","display_name":"Institute of Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/01z143507","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210110458"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhanpeng Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9971-709X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210110458"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112365916","display_name":"Kun Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0450-6469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110458","display_name":"Institute of Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/01z143507","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210110458"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210110458"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.0831,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92983139,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"130314","last_page":"130322"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8427494168281555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7104017734527588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6502193808555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6224871277809143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6195701956748962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5862314105033875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","score":0.5031523108482361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4678678512573242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.45119285583496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.4456942081451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.4449470043182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.43104010820388794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.41916564106941223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37456125020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.12317317724227905}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8427494168281555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7104017734527588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6502193808555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6224871277809143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6195701956748962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5862314105033875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5031523108482361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4678678512573242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.45119285583496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.4456942081451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4449470043182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.43104010820388794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.41916564106941223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37456125020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.12317317724227905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3009471","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3009471","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09142196.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d9bd5b2aad7045b5a887b28cec7dbc9b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d9bd5b2aad7045b5a887b28cec7dbc9b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 130314-130322 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3009471","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3009471","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09142196.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.75}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7408801154","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61725105","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3042758601.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3042758601.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1600744878","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W2076085498","https://openalex.org/W2132764758","https://openalex.org/W2140070574","https://openalex.org/W2156387975","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2161565164","https://openalex.org/W2170778725","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2272847350","https://openalex.org/W2343899768","https://openalex.org/W2481240925","https://openalex.org/W2562146178","https://openalex.org/W2592261380","https://openalex.org/W2741230443","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2909712920","https://openalex.org/W2916238263","https://openalex.org/W2961742849","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2966573466","https://openalex.org/W3104028856","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6682889407","https://openalex.org/W6758685805"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2965546495","https://openalex.org/W4389116644","https://openalex.org/W2153315159","https://openalex.org/W3103844505","https://openalex.org/W259157601","https://openalex.org/W4205463238","https://openalex.org/W2761785940","https://openalex.org/W1482209366","https://openalex.org/W2110523656","https://openalex.org/W2521627374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"modulation":[1],"classification":[2],"(AMC)":[3],"plays":[4],"a":[5,43,59,65],"key":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,20,119,126,134,158],"cognitive":[9],"radio.":[10],"For":[11],"AMC,":[12],"convolutional":[13],"neural":[14],"networks":[15],"(CNNs)":[16],"have":[17],"been":[18],"explored":[19],"previous":[21],"works":[22],"extensively":[23],"and":[24,40],"deliver":[25],"the":[26,98,101,109,135,148,171],"best":[27,149],"performance.":[28],"However,":[29],"temporal":[30,77],"dependencies":[31,78],"of":[32,100,141,154],"signals":[33],"modeled":[34],"by":[35],"CNNs":[36],"are":[37],"inherently":[38],"implicit":[39],"insufficient.":[41],"As":[42],"result,":[44],"models":[45],"need":[46],"more":[47],"data":[48],"to":[49,75,121],"learn":[50,122],"discriminative":[51],"features":[52],"automatically.":[53],"In":[54,80],"this":[55,113],"work,":[56],"we":[57,82,95],"propose":[58],"hybrid":[60],"model":[61,162],"named":[62],"HybridNet,":[63],"where":[64],"bidirectional":[66],"gated":[67],"recurrent":[68],"unit":[69],"(Bi-GRU)":[70],"is":[71,108,117,167],"placed":[72],"after":[73],"CNN":[74],"capture":[76],"explicitly.":[79],"addition,":[81],"investigate":[83],"why":[84],"varying":[85,106],"Signal-to-Noise":[86],"Ratio":[87],"(SNR)":[88],"dataset":[89],"makes":[90],"performance":[91],"deteriorate.":[92],"By":[93],"visualization,":[94],"discover":[96],"that":[97,166],"increase":[99],"intra-class":[102],"divergence":[103],"under":[104],"sharply":[105],"SNR":[107,132],"central":[110],"cause.":[111],"To":[112],"end,":[114],"channel-wise":[115],"attention":[116],"adopted":[118],"HybridNet":[120,146],"different":[123],"patterns":[124],"existing":[125],"SNR,":[127],"which":[128],"does":[129],"not":[130],"require":[131],"labels":[133],"training":[136,155],"process":[137],"or":[138],"inference":[139],"values":[140],"SNR.":[142],"On":[143],"RadioML2016.10b,":[144],"our":[145,161],"obtains":[147,163],"accuracy":[150,165],"among":[151],"all":[152],"scales":[153],"data.":[156],"Especially,":[157],"small":[159],"datasets,":[160],"87.4%":[164],"9.7%":[168],"higher":[169],"than":[170],"baseline":[172],"method.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}