{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3042124509","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3008150","title":"An Experimental Investigation of Calibration Techniques for Imbalanced Data","display_name":"An Experimental Investigation of Calibration Techniques for Imbalanced Data","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3042124509","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3008150","mag":"3042124509"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3008150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3008150","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09137689.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09137689.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101496609","display_name":"Lanlan Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8256-726X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lanlan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8256-726X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101728083","display_name":"Junkai Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9901-4338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junkai Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9901-4338","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070904464","display_name":"Bing Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0610-9317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0610-9317","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100779448","display_name":"Hao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2489-3678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098640","display_name":"China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00fzs3g26","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098640"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Company, Ltd., Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2489-3678","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Company, Ltd., Nanning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098640"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001193136","display_name":"Seppe vanden Broucke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8781-3906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seppe Vanden Broucke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Informatics and Operations Management, Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Informatics and Operations Management, Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101496609"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.2239,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8413899,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"127343","last_page":"127352"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9815999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.8304489850997925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7761943340301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parametric-statistics","display_name":"Parametric statistics","score":0.660136878490448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5356680154800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5141046643257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isotonic-regression","display_name":"Isotonic regression","score":0.47237923741340637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47133660316467285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4587097764015198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonparametric-statistics","display_name":"Nonparametric statistics","score":0.427853524684906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.24516040086746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1323937475681305}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.8304489850997925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7761943340301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.660136878490448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5356680154800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5141046643257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17418463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3455874","display_name":"Isotonic regression","level":3,"score":0.47237923741340637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47133660316467285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4587097764015198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102366305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1097688","display_name":"Nonparametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.427853524684906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.24516040086746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1323937475681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3008150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3008150","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09137689.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:123456789/658319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/658319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ieee Access, vol. 8, (127343-127352)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:8688069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8688069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE ACCESS","raw_type":"journalArticle"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:8751962","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-8751962","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journalArticle"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fb2da1030d3d40cb924e8c0c7f3ed49a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fb2da1030d3d40cb924e8c0c7f3ed49a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 127343-127352 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3008150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3008150","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09137689.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5785795746","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SCUBS-PY-202032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7039920362","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201742","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322990","funder_display_name":"Sichuan University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8010964697","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"skqy-201742","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322990","funder_display_name":"Sichuan University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8337608272","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019ZY-Business04","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322990","funder_display_name":"Sichuan University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322990","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3042124509.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3042124509.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1598033630","https://openalex.org/W1599263113","https://openalex.org/W1618905105","https://openalex.org/W1821464114","https://openalex.org/W1941659294","https://openalex.org/W1974191159","https://openalex.org/W1998736688","https://openalex.org/W2012942264","https://openalex.org/W2016136817","https://openalex.org/W2016511206","https://openalex.org/W2018077356","https://openalex.org/W2056983531","https://openalex.org/W2073241381","https://openalex.org/W2075159929","https://openalex.org/W2083344843","https://openalex.org/W2089086886","https://openalex.org/W2098824882","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2132862423","https://openalex.org/W2137556846","https://openalex.org/W2165466912","https://openalex.org/W2182722412","https://openalex.org/W2254249950","https://openalex.org/W2398242707","https://openalex.org/W2525172929","https://openalex.org/W2626967530","https://openalex.org/W2725875209","https://openalex.org/W2769059631","https://openalex.org/W2912088928","https://openalex.org/W2964212410","https://openalex.org/W6635717444","https://openalex.org/W6636501900","https://openalex.org/W6691692454","https://openalex.org/W6739651123","https://openalex.org/W6740180447"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096947471","https://openalex.org/W2011903341","https://openalex.org/W2529605301","https://openalex.org/W1981436518","https://openalex.org/W2281539319","https://openalex.org/W2013882407","https://openalex.org/W1485223389","https://openalex.org/W2040597492","https://openalex.org/W3021133747","https://openalex.org/W1489532500"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Calibration":[0],"is":[1],"a":[2,129],"technique":[3],"used":[4],"to":[5,36,61],"obtain":[6],"accurate":[7,24],"probability":[8],"estimation":[9],"for":[10,26,131],"classification":[11],"problems":[12],"in":[13,22,52,110,138],"real":[14],"applications.":[15],"Class":[16],"imbalance":[17,54,88,140],"can":[18,127],"create":[19],"considerable":[20],"challenges":[21],"obtaining":[23],"probabilities":[25],"calibration":[27,50,66,77,120,136],"methods.":[28,105],"However,":[29,106],"previous":[30],"research":[31],"has":[32,92],"paid":[33],"little":[34],"attention":[35],"this":[37,40],"issue.":[38],"In":[39],"paper,":[41],"we":[42],"present":[43],"an":[44],"experimental":[45,69],"investigation":[46],"of":[47,65,75,86,135],"some":[48,117],"prevailing":[49],"methods":[51,121,137],"different":[53,63,76],"scenarios.":[55,113,141],"Several":[56],"performance":[57,74,95],"metrics":[58,82],"are":[59],"considered":[60],"evaluate":[62],"aspects":[64],"performance.":[67],"The":[68],"results":[70],"show":[71],"that":[72],"the":[73,81,84,87,132],"techniques":[78],"depends":[79],"on":[80,96,122],"and":[83,101,125],"degree":[85],"ratio.":[89],"Isotonic":[90],"Regression":[91],"better":[93],"overall":[94],"imbalanced":[97,112,123],"datasets":[98],"than":[99],"parametric":[100],"other":[102],"complex":[103],"non-parametric":[104],"it":[107,126],"performs":[108],"unstably":[109],"highly":[111],"This":[114],"study":[115],"provides":[116],"insights":[118],"into":[119],"datasets,":[124],"be":[128],"reference":[130],"future":[133],"development":[134],"class":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}