{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3039104809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3006992","title":"A Head/Taillight Featuring Hybrid Planar Visible Light Communications/Millimetre Wave Antenna for Vehicular Communications","display_name":"A Head/Taillight Featuring Hybrid Planar Visible Light Communications/Millimetre Wave Antenna for Vehicular Communications","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3039104809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3006992","mag":"3039104809"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3006992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3006992","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09133057.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09133057.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063247951","display_name":"Mojtaba Mansour Abadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7963-5655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mojtaba Mansour Abadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Optical Communications Research Group, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7963-5655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Optical Communications Research Group, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079384594","display_name":"Pavel Hazdra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7946-7927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavel Hazdra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electromagnetic Field, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7946-7927","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electromagnetic Field, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075547685","display_name":"Jan Bohata","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3023-054X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Bohata","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electromagnetic Field, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3023-054X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electromagnetic Field, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071530665","display_name":"Petr Chvojka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4582-739X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petr Chvojka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electromagnetic Field, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4582-739X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electromagnetic Field, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009782931","display_name":"Paul Anthony Haigh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7249-5116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Anthony Haigh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Sensing and Communications Group, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7249-5116","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Sensing and Communications Group, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009712820","display_name":"Zabih Ghassemlooy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5780-9703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zabih Ghassemlooy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Optical Communications Research Group, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5780-9703","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Optical Communications Research Group, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078401803","display_name":"Stanislav Zv\u00e1novec","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7902-2143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stanislav Zvanovec","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electromagnetic Field, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7902-2143","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electromagnetic Field, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.3028,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55397205,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"135722","last_page":"135729"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.8750155568122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6800943613052368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.5874178409576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.5370973348617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadrature-amplitude-modulation","display_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","score":0.5301495790481567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.5080893039703369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4394799768924713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planar","display_name":"Planar","score":0.4344263970851898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.42685720324516296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.3658767640590668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.29342663288116455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2858514189720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16155532002449036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.14726847410202026}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.8750155568122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6800943613052368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.5874178409576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.5370973348617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32409245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749753","display_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.5301495790481567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.5080893039703369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4394799768924713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134786449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3391255","display_name":"Planar","level":2,"score":0.4344263970851898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.42685720324516296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.3658767640590668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.29342663288116455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2858514189720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16155532002449036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.14726847410202026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3006992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3006992","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09133057.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nrl.northumbria.ac.uk:43863","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/43863/1/09133057.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401884","display_name":"Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","host_organization_name":"Northumbria University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:34ca5db80d2745e9aa761b0c2b8ca4b8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/34ca5db80d2745e9aa761b0c2b8ca4b8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 135722-135729 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3006992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3006992","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09133057.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3039104809.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3039104809.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W162968416","https://openalex.org/W1533619695","https://openalex.org/W1969506411","https://openalex.org/W2007450466","https://openalex.org/W2014472046","https://openalex.org/W2022645916","https://openalex.org/W2121010701","https://openalex.org/W2126415561","https://openalex.org/W2163887123","https://openalex.org/W2327985893","https://openalex.org/W2471818225","https://openalex.org/W2563172061","https://openalex.org/W2603172247","https://openalex.org/W2726850864","https://openalex.org/W2768588910","https://openalex.org/W2803377980","https://openalex.org/W2897408555","https://openalex.org/W2952394310","https://openalex.org/W2991518314","https://openalex.org/W3003193617","https://openalex.org/W4240756890","https://openalex.org/W6684337597"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2501797479","https://openalex.org/W2997630107","https://openalex.org/W3081944688","https://openalex.org/W3109516991","https://openalex.org/W2395898055","https://openalex.org/W2291056487","https://openalex.org/W3206736260","https://openalex.org/W4385346047","https://openalex.org/W2899759720","https://openalex.org/W1526007253"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,4,29,37,67,70,109,143,169,177,182,199],"emergence":[2],"of":[3,114,130,160],"fifth":[5],"generation":[6],"and":[7,16,60,63,73,86,111,124,132,148,163,171,181,188],"beyond":[8],"mobile":[9],"networks,":[10],"both":[11,84],"visible":[12],"light":[13],"communications":[14,55,138],"(VLC)":[15],"radio":[17],"frequency":[18],"(RF)":[19],"or":[20,40],"millimetre":[21],"wave":[22],"(mmW)":[23],"systems":[24],"are":[25],"expected":[26],"to":[27,156,165],"maintain":[28],"connectivity":[30,72],"in":[31,53,101,208],"various":[32],"environments.":[33],"In":[34,51,75,104],"outdoor":[35],"environments":[36],"link":[38,71],"(VLC":[39],"RF)":[41],"availability":[42],"is":[43,46,204],"paramount,":[44],"which":[45,82],"affected":[47],"by":[48],"channel":[49],"conditions.":[50],"particular,":[52],"vehicular":[54],"other":[56],"vehicles,":[57],"harsh":[58],"environment,":[59],"road":[61],"geometry":[62],"structure":[64],"will":[65],"have":[66,141,196],"impact":[68],"on":[69],"availability.":[74],"such":[76],"cases,":[77],"a":[78,115,209],"front-end":[79],"antenna":[80,119,203],"solution,":[81],"benefits":[83],"optical":[85],"RF":[87,131,189],"communication":[88],"links,":[89,173,190],"can":[90,98],"be":[91,99],"seen":[92],"as":[93,135,137],"an":[94],"attractive":[95],"option":[96],"that":[97,198],"fitted":[100],"future":[102],"vehicles.":[103],"this":[105],"paper,":[106],"we":[107,195],"present":[108],"design":[110],"practical":[112],"implementation":[113],"planar":[116,202],"hybrid":[117,201],"VLC/mmW":[118],"operating":[120],"at":[121],"20.8":[122],"GHz":[123],"show":[125],"measured":[126],"results":[127],"for":[128,168,186,192,206],"characterization":[129],"VLC":[133,170,187],"links":[134],"well":[136],"performance.":[139],"We":[140],"used":[142],"widely":[144],"adopted":[145],"on-off":[146],"keying":[147],"quadrature":[149],"amplitude":[150],"modulation":[151,194],"schemes":[152],"with":[153],"different":[154],"orders":[155],"demonstrate":[157],"data":[158],"rates":[159],"5":[161],"Mb/s":[162,167],"up":[164],"100":[166],"mmW":[172],"respectively.":[174],"By":[175],"measuring":[176],"bit":[178],"error":[179,183],"rate":[180],"vector":[184],"magnitude":[185],"respectively":[191],"each":[193],"shown":[197],"proposed":[200],"suitable":[205],"example":[207],"typical":[210],"vehicle-to-vehicle":[211],"communications.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}