{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3039320222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3006107","title":"Non-Contact Heartbeat Detection by Heartbeat Signal Reconstruction Based on Spectrogram Analysis With Convolutional LSTM","display_name":"Non-Contact Heartbeat Detection by Heartbeat Signal Reconstruction Based on Spectrogram Analysis With Convolutional LSTM","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3039320222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3006107","mag":"3039320222"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3006107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3006107","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09129737.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09129737.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008604168","display_name":"Kohei Yamamoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9669-3566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kohei Yamamoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9669-3566","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016337773","display_name":"Tomoaki Ohtsuki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3961-1426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomoaki Ohtsuki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Computer Science, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3961-1426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Computer Science, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":0.6014,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60895837,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"123603","last_page":"123613"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heartbeat","display_name":"Heartbeat","score":0.9942696690559387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.673943817615509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6422803997993469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5512670278549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.5387618541717529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5266233086585999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.52097088098526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time\u2013frequency-analysis","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","score":0.4379946291446686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4271320700645447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3496730625629425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.109699547290802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.08890435099601746}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13852961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17021880","display_name":"Heartbeat","level":2,"score":0.9942696690559387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.673943817615509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6422803997993469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5512670278549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.5387618541717529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5266233086585999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.52097088098526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.4379946291446686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4271320700645447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3496730625629425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.109699547290802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.08890435099601746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3006107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3006107","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09129737.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e7a2dc99bcc54b219c730498d22ff4e9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e7a2dc99bcc54b219c730498d22ff4e9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 123603-123613 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3006107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3006107","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09129737.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3039320222.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3039320222.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485009520","https://openalex.org/W1569295075","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1985694466","https://openalex.org/W2011049057","https://openalex.org/W2012427412","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2070203351","https://openalex.org/W2071541134","https://openalex.org/W2082361295","https://openalex.org/W2083872334","https://openalex.org/W2090269566","https://openalex.org/W2098649495","https://openalex.org/W2114754826","https://openalex.org/W2130382164","https://openalex.org/W2141616094","https://openalex.org/W2144354855","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2168584464","https://openalex.org/W2171395115","https://openalex.org/W2193763775","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2290814128","https://openalex.org/W2298692413","https://openalex.org/W2305493398","https://openalex.org/W2327010167","https://openalex.org/W2339153830","https://openalex.org/W2566669129","https://openalex.org/W2727711922","https://openalex.org/W2738956855","https://openalex.org/W2740067166","https://openalex.org/W2768606132","https://openalex.org/W2790943595","https://openalex.org/W2795340004","https://openalex.org/W2890530628","https://openalex.org/W2891150346","https://openalex.org/W2896120927","https://openalex.org/W2896655658","https://openalex.org/W2916213819","https://openalex.org/W2934548099","https://openalex.org/W2951214606","https://openalex.org/W2954377489","https://openalex.org/W2962943250","https://openalex.org/W2963149042","https://openalex.org/W2979850574","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6684708716","https://openalex.org/W6685670348","https://openalex.org/W6754950502"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1889291648","https://openalex.org/W2533590149","https://openalex.org/W335396218","https://openalex.org/W1504214173","https://openalex.org/W1600447354","https://openalex.org/W1589126043","https://openalex.org/W2035480840","https://openalex.org/W2602361891","https://openalex.org/W2149263408","https://openalex.org/W2107964963"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Heartbeat":[0],"detection":[1,35,45,83,122,156],"is":[2,199,222],"one":[3],"of":[4,47,61,182,212],"key":[5],"techniques":[6],"to":[7,26,55,99,108,140,173,189,197,204],"monitor":[8],"our":[9,243],"health":[10],"condition":[11],"in":[12,228],"daily":[13],"life,":[14],"and":[15,23,29,184],"demands":[16],"for":[17,87,209],"this":[18,138],"technique":[19],"have":[20,37,116],"increased":[21],"year":[22],"year.":[24],"Thanks":[25],"the":[27,43,48,56,81,88,95,103,113,120,124,127,170,180,185,216,229,238,253,256],"non-contact":[28],"non-invasive":[30],"features,":[31],"various":[32],"Doppler":[33,150],"sensor-based":[34],"methods":[36,50,115],"been":[38],"investigated":[39],"so":[40],"far.":[41],"However,":[42],"heartbeat":[44,62,82,121,143,155,160,176,183,198,214,248],"accuracy":[46],"conventional":[49,114],"could":[51,79],"get":[52],"degraded":[53],"due":[54,107,196],"low":[57,91,146],"SNR":[58],"(Signal-to-Noise":[59],"Ratio)":[60],"components.":[63],"Thus,":[64],"even":[65,144],"after":[66],"some":[67],"signal":[68,161,177],"processing,":[69],"non-heartbeat":[70,110],"components":[71],"still":[72],"remain":[73],"over":[74],"such":[75,109],"processed":[76],"signal,":[77,215],"which":[78],"degrade":[80],"accuracy.":[84],"In":[85,137,169,207],"particular":[86],"subjects":[89,125,251],"with":[90,126,145,163,234,255],"HR":[92,97,106,129,147,257],"(Heart":[93],"Rate),":[94],"estimated":[96,218],"tends":[98],"be":[100,195],"higher":[101,130],"than":[102,131,259],"ground":[104],"truth":[105],"components,":[111],"though":[112],"mainly":[117],"focused":[118],"on":[119,159,179],"against":[123,249],"normal":[128],"50":[132,260],"bpm":[133],"(Beats":[134],"Per":[135],"Minute).":[136],"paper,":[139],"accurately":[141,246],"detect":[142],"via":[148],"a":[149,154,175,213,226],"sensor,":[151],"we":[152,240],"propose":[153],"method":[157,245],"based":[158,178],"reconstruction":[162,211],"convolutional":[164,205,235],"LSTM":[165],"(Bidirectional-Long":[166],"Short-Term":[167],"Memory).":[168],"proposed":[171,230,244],"method,":[172],"reconstruct":[174],"periodicity":[181],"spectrum":[186],"distribution":[187],"peculiar":[188],"heartbeat,":[190],"successive":[191],"spectrograms":[192],"that":[193,242],"might":[194],"used":[200,224],"as":[201,225],"an":[202],"input":[203],"LSTM.":[206,236],"addition,":[208],"better":[210],"previously":[217],"RRI":[219],"(R-R":[220],"Interval)":[221],"also":[223],"feature":[227],"deep":[231],"learning":[232],"model":[233],"Through":[237],"experiments,":[239],"confirmed":[241],"detected":[247],"17":[250],"including":[252],"ones":[254],"lower":[258],"bpm.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}