{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3037473497","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3004464","title":"ECG Biometric Authentication: A Comparative Analysis","display_name":"ECG Biometric Authentication: A Comparative Analysis","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3037473497","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3004464","mag":"3037473497"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3004464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3004464","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09123339.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09123339.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031988958","display_name":"Mohit Ingale","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51504820","display_name":"San Jose State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qyvz380","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohit Ingale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, San Jose State University, San Jose, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, San Jose State University, San Jose, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083054051","display_name":"Renato Cordeiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6911-1364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51504820","display_name":"San Jose State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qyvz380","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renato Cordeiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, San Jose State University, San Jose, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6911-1364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, San Jose State University, San Jose, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033999593","display_name":"Siddartha Thentu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51504820","display_name":"San Jose State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qyvz380","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siddartha Thentu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, San Jose State University, San Jose, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, San Jose State University, San Jose, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101477975","display_name":"Younghee Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0651-2384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51504820","display_name":"San Jose State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qyvz380","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Younghee Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, San Jose State University, San Jose, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, San Jose State University, San Jose, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014914538","display_name":"Nima Karimian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4590-7170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51504820","display_name":"San Jose State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qyvz380","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nima Karimian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, San Jose State University, San Jose, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4590-7170","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, San Jose State University, San Jose, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":9.3571,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":120,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98725943,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"117853","last_page":"117866"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.8866678476333618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8270352482795715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.6809388995170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5965513586997986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5769135355949402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4730243682861328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.47233596444129944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-control","display_name":"Access control","score":0.4269111156463623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41289031505584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40931856632232666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.36809200048446655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3421262502670288}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.8866678476333618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8270352482795715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.6809388995170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5965513586997986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5769135355949402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4730243682861328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.47233596444129944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.4269111156463623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41289031505584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40931856632232666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36809200048446655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3421262502670288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3004464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3004464","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09123339.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.sjsu.edu:faculty_rsca-2048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/faculty_rsca/1049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196389","display_name":"San Jos\u00e9 State University ScholarWorks (San Jose State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I51504820","host_organization_name":"San Jose State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Research, Scholarly, and Creative Activity","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5815dfc75b134d3aa108d15fc80a92a8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5815dfc75b134d3aa108d15fc80a92a8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 117853-117866 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3004464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3004464","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09123339.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316409","display_name":"San Jos\u00e9 State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qyvz380"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321041","display_name":"Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/05bxb3784"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3037473497.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3037473497.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58346954","https://openalex.org/W116902681","https://openalex.org/W1546847729","https://openalex.org/W1581808154","https://openalex.org/W1824983686","https://openalex.org/W1962124124","https://openalex.org/W1970462628","https://openalex.org/W1980497570","https://openalex.org/W1986438083","https://openalex.org/W1996005698","https://openalex.org/W1998658041","https://openalex.org/W2031230980","https://openalex.org/W2050132334","https://openalex.org/W2061880411","https://openalex.org/W2089683591","https://openalex.org/W2095409369","https://openalex.org/W2098508968","https://openalex.org/W2110313460","https://openalex.org/W2154731305","https://openalex.org/W2157209869","https://openalex.org/W2282606863","https://openalex.org/W2326461200","https://openalex.org/W2516218154","https://openalex.org/W2535940264","https://openalex.org/W2537284801","https://openalex.org/W2589309664","https://openalex.org/W2593216954","https://openalex.org/W2604835671","https://openalex.org/W2614292327","https://openalex.org/W2620050178","https://openalex.org/W2704923930","https://openalex.org/W2736978235","https://openalex.org/W2737966920","https://openalex.org/W2749394871","https://openalex.org/W2759456125","https://openalex.org/W2762867765","https://openalex.org/W2773335645","https://openalex.org/W2779797561","https://openalex.org/W2786447331","https://openalex.org/W2794104577","https://openalex.org/W2794557162","https://openalex.org/W2795056531","https://openalex.org/W2893132081","https://openalex.org/W2905396542","https://openalex.org/W2908900756","https://openalex.org/W2933579063","https://openalex.org/W2940862616","https://openalex.org/W2941820175","https://openalex.org/W2949402129","https://openalex.org/W2962853480","https://openalex.org/W2966861734","https://openalex.org/W2968699478","https://openalex.org/W2972178360","https://openalex.org/W2979828926","https://openalex.org/W2989554011","https://openalex.org/W3000069883","https://openalex.org/W3002557587","https://openalex.org/W3006677294","https://openalex.org/W3022333841","https://openalex.org/W3083339326","https://openalex.org/W6604828220","https://openalex.org/W6649409762","https://openalex.org/W6650056599","https://openalex.org/W6736086419","https://openalex.org/W6782633948"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W143386018","https://openalex.org/W1004582678","https://openalex.org/W2656445685","https://openalex.org/W2115218409","https://openalex.org/W2076845124","https://openalex.org/W2090949570","https://openalex.org/W2183964146","https://openalex.org/W2263162522","https://openalex.org/W1989237518","https://openalex.org/W3104966193"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Robust":[0],"authentication":[1,45,168],"and":[2,17,26,36,86,93,149,181,196],"identification":[3],"methods":[4,171],"become":[5],"an":[6,213],"indispensable":[7],"urgent":[8],"task":[9],"to":[10,77,95,119,175],"protect":[11],"the":[12,15,18,43,58,61,69,73,78,83,87,100,108,134,141,157,173],"integrity":[13],"of":[14,54,60,82,99,110,143,202,215],"devices":[16],"sensitive":[19],"data.":[20],"Passwords":[21],"have":[22,29,50,162],"provided":[23],"access":[24],"control":[25],"authentication,":[27],"but":[28],"shown":[30,163],"their":[31],"inherent":[32],"vulnerabilities.":[33],"The":[34],"speed":[35],"convenience":[37],"factor":[38],"are":[39,91],"what":[40],"makes":[41],"biometrics":[42,74],"ideal":[44],"solution":[46],"as":[47],"they":[48,90],"could":[49],"a":[51,121],"low":[52],"probability":[53],"circumvention.":[55],"To":[56],"overcome":[57],"limitations":[59],"traditional":[62],"biometric":[63,105,136,154,167],"systems,":[64],"electrocardiogram":[65],"(ECG)":[66],"has":[67],"received":[68],"most":[70],"attention":[71],"from":[72],"community":[75],"due":[76],"highly":[79],"individualized":[80],"nature":[81],"ECG":[84,112,126,135,153,166,205],"signals":[85,206],"fact":[88],"that":[89,128,164],"ubiquitous":[92],"difficult":[94],"counterfeit.":[96],"However,":[97],"one":[98],"main":[101],"challenges":[102],"in":[103,200],"ECG-based":[104],"development":[106],"is":[107,184,221],"lack":[109],"large":[111,123],"databases.":[113],"In":[114,211],"this":[115],"paper,":[116],"we":[117],"contribute":[118],"creating":[120],"new":[122,131],"gallery":[124],"off-the-person":[125],"datasets":[127],"can":[129],"provide":[130],"opportunities":[132],"for":[133,190],"research":[137],"community.":[138],"We":[139],"explore":[140],"impact":[142],"filtering":[144],"type,":[145],"segmentation,":[146,180],"feature":[147],"extraction,":[148],"health":[150],"status":[151],"on":[152],"by":[155,186],"using":[156],"evaluation":[158],"metrics.":[159],"Our":[160],"results":[161],"our":[165],"outperforms":[169],"existing":[170],"lacking":[172],"ability":[174],"efficiently":[176],"extract":[177],"features,":[178],"filtering,":[179],"matching.":[182],"This":[183],"evident":[185],"obtaining":[187],"100%":[188],"accuracy":[189],"PTB,":[191],"MIT-BHI,":[192],"CEBSDB,":[193],"CYBHI,":[194],"ECG-ID,":[195],"in-house":[197],"ECG-BG":[198],"database":[199],"spite":[201],"noisy,":[203],"unhealthy":[204],"while":[207],"performing":[208],"five-fold":[209],"cross-validation.":[210],"addition,":[212],"average":[214],"2.11%":[216],"EER":[217],"among":[218],"1,694":[219],"subjects":[220],"obtained.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}