{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3035775076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3003785","title":"A Digital DNA Sequencing Engine for Ransomware Detection Using Machine Learning","display_name":"A Digital DNA Sequencing Engine for Ransomware Detection Using Machine Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3035775076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3003785","mag":"3035775076"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3003785","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3003785","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09121260.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09121260.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008847988","display_name":"Firoz Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6182-827X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119744171","display_name":"Higher Colleges of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qmy9z88","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119744171"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Firoz Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Higher Colleges of Technology, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Higher Colleges of Technology, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119744171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047180846","display_name":"Cornelius Ncube","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7069-4701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193260172","display_name":"British University in Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/00mc18523","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193260172"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cornelius Ncube","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, British University in Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, British University in Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193260172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079507257","display_name":"Lakshmana Kumar Ramasamy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0643-6599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43663321","display_name":"Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science","ror":"https://ror.org/037tgdn13","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43663321"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lakshmana Kumar Ramasamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43663321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002855381","display_name":"Seifedine Kadry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1939-4842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36314861","display_name":"Beirut Arab University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jya5567","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seifedine Kadry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1939-4842","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056024500","display_name":"Yunyoung Nam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3318-9394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunyoung Nam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3318-9394","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008847988"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119744171"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":10.0356,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":105,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98929714,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"119710","last_page":"119719"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9757999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ransomware","display_name":"Ransomware","score":0.9544862508773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.8694531917572021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.8669039011001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8003929257392883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptovirology","display_name":"Cryptovirology","score":0.5482833385467529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5407628417015076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.504552960395813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.41084355115890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.31474393606185913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.14474710822105408}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777667771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926331","display_name":"Ransomware","level":3,"score":0.9544862508773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.8694531917572021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8669039011001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8003929257392883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3506050","display_name":"Cryptovirology","level":3,"score":0.5482833385467529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5407628417015076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.504552960395813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.41084355115890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.31474393606185913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.14474710822105408}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3003785","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3003785","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09121260.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:531313b022ca4d3da923dfc3557af479","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/531313b022ca4d3da923dfc3557af479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 119710-119719 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3003785","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3003785","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09121260.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G429436190","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOTIE P0012724","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322064","funder_display_name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4890888927","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P0012724","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5282497172","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P0012724","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322064","funder_display_name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7211606024","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P0012724","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321301","funder_display_name":"Soonchunhyang University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321301","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/008nkqk13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322064","display_name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/015w1qa96"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3035775076.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3035775076.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1565581850","https://openalex.org/W1976744965","https://openalex.org/W1981033991","https://openalex.org/W2008967302","https://openalex.org/W2061438946","https://openalex.org/W2066220442","https://openalex.org/W2105334567","https://openalex.org/W2136894147","https://openalex.org/W2154871153","https://openalex.org/W2172759716","https://openalex.org/W2175884749","https://openalex.org/W2237959143","https://openalex.org/W2296579688","https://openalex.org/W2367504390","https://openalex.org/W2461651791","https://openalex.org/W2550109527","https://openalex.org/W2566926062","https://openalex.org/W2593447578","https://openalex.org/W2602517145","https://openalex.org/W2768862435","https://openalex.org/W2793941832","https://openalex.org/W2794482868","https://openalex.org/W2885747980","https://openalex.org/W2902184924","https://openalex.org/W4293742266","https://openalex.org/W6682777827","https://openalex.org/W6685182571","https://openalex.org/W6729193369","https://openalex.org/W6749359390","https://openalex.org/W7027738607"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2929621094","https://openalex.org/W2900526031","https://openalex.org/W4296272594","https://openalex.org/W4360993664","https://openalex.org/W2465235098","https://openalex.org/W2470029541","https://openalex.org/W2470502009","https://openalex.org/W2167003418","https://openalex.org/W2728713145","https://openalex.org/W2171035369"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Malware":[0],"is":[1,46],"`malicious":[2],"software'":[3],"programs":[4,25],"that":[5,50,202],"carry":[6],"out":[7],"many":[8],"of":[9,31,48,84,87,94,170,188],"the":[10,13,52,58,69,76,82,117,168,171,186,198],"cyberattacks":[11],"on":[12,60,177],"Internet,":[14],"including":[15,105],"cybercrime,":[16],"fraud,":[17],"scams":[18],"and":[19,71,122,162,180,192,206,210],"nation-state":[20],"cyberwar.":[21],"These":[22],"malicious":[23],"software":[24],"come":[26],"in":[27,81,101,126],"a":[28,61,79,85,113],"wide":[29],"range":[30],"different":[32,92],"classifications":[33],"such":[34],"as":[35],"viruses,":[36],"Trojans,":[37],"worms,":[38],"spyware,":[39],"botnet":[40],"malware,":[41],"ransomware,":[42],"Rootkit,":[43],"etc.":[44],"Ransomware":[45,150],"class":[47],"malware":[49],"holds":[51],"victim's":[53],"data":[54,59],"hostage":[55],"by":[56],"encrypting":[57],"user's":[62],"computer":[63],"to":[64,68,115,128,134,184,195],"make":[65],"it":[66,74],"unavailable":[67],"user":[70,77],"only":[72],"decrypt":[73],"after":[75],"pays":[78],"ransom":[80],"form":[83],"sum":[86],"money.":[88],"To":[89,166],"avoid":[90],"detection,":[91],"variants":[93],"ransomware":[95,120,179,208],"utilise":[96],"one":[97],"or":[98],"more":[99],"techniques":[100,118],"their":[102,123,130],"attack":[103,131],"flow":[104,132],"Machine":[106,153],"Learning":[107],"(ML)":[108],"algorithms.":[109],"There":[110],"is,":[111],"therefore,":[112],"need":[114],"understand":[116,129],"used":[119],"development":[121],"deployment":[124],"strategy":[125],"order":[127],"better":[133],"develop":[135],"appropriate":[136],"countermeasures.":[137],"In":[138],"this":[139],"paper,":[140],"we":[141,174],"propose":[142],"DNAact-Ran,":[143],"A":[144],"Digital":[145,157],"DNA":[146,158],"Sequencing":[147],"Engine":[148],"for":[149],"Detection":[151],"Using":[152],"Learning.":[154],"DNAact-Ran":[155],"utilises":[156],"sequencing":[159],"design":[160],"constraints":[161],"k-mer":[163],"frequency":[164],"vector.":[165],"measure":[167,185],"efficacy":[169],"proposed":[172],"approach,":[173],"evaluated":[175],"DNAact-Run":[176,203],"582":[178],"942":[181],"goodware":[182],"instances":[183],"performance":[187],"precision,":[189],"recall,":[190],"f-measure":[191],"accuracy.":[193],"Compared":[194],"other":[196],"methods,":[197],"evaluation":[199],"results":[200],"show":[201],"can":[204],"predict":[205],"detect":[207],"accurately":[209],"effectively.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-02T09:04:35.204637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}