{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3036666874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3002775","title":"A Cascaded Multimodal Natural User Interface to Reduce Driver Distraction","display_name":"A Cascaded Multimodal Natural User Interface to Reduce Driver Distraction","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3036666874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3002775","mag":"3036666874"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3002775","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3002775","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09118888.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09118888.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078222134","display_name":"Myeongseop Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9565-2463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39534123","display_name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024kbgz78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Myeongseop Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9565-2463","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073756354","display_name":"Eunjin Seong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39534123","display_name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024kbgz78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eunjin Seong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090738504","display_name":"Younkyung Jwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8253-9322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39534123","display_name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024kbgz78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Younkyung Jwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008513379","display_name":"Jieun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4053-7278"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39534123","display_name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024kbgz78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jieun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4053-7278","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024970503","display_name":"SeungJun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0470-2483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39534123","display_name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024kbgz78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seungjun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0470-2483","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078222134"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.5667,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92752392,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"112969","last_page":"112984"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14056","display_name":"Safety Warnings and Signage","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12607","display_name":"Personal Information Management and User Behavior","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distraction","display_name":"Distraction","score":0.9207457304000854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.8544371128082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7846447229385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.6576550006866455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.6506781578063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.5846530795097351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.555300772190094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.5484533905982971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5361805558204651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.5180395245552063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-interaction","display_name":"Multimodal interaction","score":0.47989189624786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface","display_name":"User interface","score":0.4571535289287567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-user-interface","display_name":"Natural user interface","score":0.442697674036026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.33233579993247986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3141401410102844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-experience-design","display_name":"User experience design","score":0.3102368712425232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface-design","display_name":"User interface design","score":0.2133488655090332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09742793440818787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776378700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030775","display_name":"Distraction","level":2,"score":0.9207457304000854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.8544371128082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7846447229385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.6576550006866455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6506781578063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.5846530795097351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.555300772190094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.5484533905982971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5361805558204651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.5180395245552063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135641252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q738567","display_name":"Multimodal interaction","level":2,"score":0.47989189624786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.4571535289287567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187482481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1851756","display_name":"Natural user interface","level":4,"score":0.442697674036026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.33233579993247986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3141401410102844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201025465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11248500","display_name":"User experience design","level":2,"score":0.3102368712425232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149229913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135707","display_name":"User interface design","level":3,"score":0.2133488655090332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09742793440818787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3002775","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3002775","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09118888.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b245a97aa97f4e888f5fa2963d9be49a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b245a97aa97f4e888f5fa2963d9be49a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 112969-112984 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3002775","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3002775","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09118888.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321317","display_name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024kbgz78"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3036666874.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3036666874.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W135924781","https://openalex.org/W172711948","https://openalex.org/W361190652","https://openalex.org/W601322659","https://openalex.org/W616614584","https://openalex.org/W772597104","https://openalex.org/W1484459824","https://openalex.org/W1489098793","https://openalex.org/W1954214817","https://openalex.org/W1970426503","https://openalex.org/W1972616753","https://openalex.org/W1972706598","https://openalex.org/W1977446629","https://openalex.org/W1981929769","https://openalex.org/W2021767058","https://openalex.org/W2026443108","https://openalex.org/W2030808768","https://openalex.org/W2033094614","https://openalex.org/W2060635932","https://openalex.org/W2078912820","https://openalex.org/W2078949139","https://openalex.org/W2123208255","https://openalex.org/W2126803794","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2162425553","https://openalex.org/W2166331011","https://openalex.org/W2490606569","https://openalex.org/W2542127213","https://openalex.org/W2542287130","https://openalex.org/W2567789525","https://openalex.org/W2758517640","https://openalex.org/W2759711354","https://openalex.org/W2760367275","https://openalex.org/W2798278932","https://openalex.org/W2804956325","https://openalex.org/W2892360234","https://openalex.org/W2917032010","https://openalex.org/W2923866754","https://openalex.org/W2930891417","https://openalex.org/W2972141458","https://openalex.org/W6605446960","https://openalex.org/W6607057097","https://openalex.org/W6612219061","https://openalex.org/W6616504168","https://openalex.org/W6628802962","https://openalex.org/W6767850780"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3048212026","https://openalex.org/W2893969762","https://openalex.org/W2751424329","https://openalex.org/W107711697","https://openalex.org/W4224032630","https://openalex.org/W3216880090","https://openalex.org/W1980037256","https://openalex.org/W4366777903","https://openalex.org/W4375935421","https://openalex.org/W2358157461"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Natural":[0],"user":[1],"interfaces":[2,19,199],"(NUI)":[3],"have":[4,20,37],"been":[5,21],"used":[6,102],"to":[7,23,124,200],"reduce":[8,201],"driver":[9,44,131,202],"distraction":[10,45,203],"while":[11],"using":[12],"in-vehicle":[13],"infotainment":[14],"systems":[15],"(IVIS),":[16],"and":[17,46,110,190],"multimodal":[18,35,66,83,144,198],"applied":[22],"compensate":[24],"for":[25,103,148,204],"the":[26,74,137,149,164,170,174,182,195],"shortcomings":[27],"of":[28,43,50,61,65,73,76,82,130,151,159,166,173],"a":[29,58,77,115,119,126,141,152],"single":[30,78,99,153],"modality":[31,168],"in":[32,114,169],"NUIs.":[33,62],"These":[34],"NUIs":[36,67,84,104],"variable":[38],"effects":[39],"on":[40,47,71,88],"different":[41,48],"types":[42],"stages":[49],"drivers'":[51],"secondary":[52],"tasks.":[53],"However,":[54],"current":[55],"studies":[56,81],"provide":[57,125],"limited":[59],"understanding":[60],"The":[63],"design":[64],"is":[68,140],"typically":[69],"based":[70,87],"evaluation":[72],"strengths":[75],"modality.":[79,154],"Furthermore,":[80],"are":[85],"not":[86],"equivalent":[89],"comparison":[90],"conditions.":[91],"To":[92],"address":[93],"this":[94],"gap,":[95],"we":[96],"compared":[97,156],"five":[98],"modalities":[100],"commonly":[101],"(touch,":[105],"mid-air":[106],"gesture,":[107],"speech,":[108],"gaze,":[109],"physical":[111],"buttons":[112],"located":[113],"steering":[116],"wheel)":[117],"during":[118],"lane":[120],"change":[121],"task":[122],"(LCT)":[123],"more":[127],"holistic":[128],"view":[129],"distraction.":[132],"Our":[133,178],"findings":[134],"suggest":[135],"that":[136,146,181],"best":[138,196],"approach":[139],"combined":[142],"cascaded":[143,160,197],"interface":[145],"accounts":[147],"characteristics":[150,165],"We":[155],"several":[157],"combinations":[158,183],"multimodalities":[161],"by":[162],"considering":[163],"each":[167],"sequential":[171],"phase":[172],"command":[175],"input":[176],"process.":[177],"results":[179],"show":[180],"speech":[184,187],"+":[185,188,192],"button,":[186],"touch,":[189],"gaze":[191],"button":[193],"represent":[194],"IVIS.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
