{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3034709487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3002183","title":"Absorption of 5G Radiation in Brain Tissue as a Function of Frequency, Power and Time","display_name":"Absorption of 5G Radiation in Brain Tissue as a Function of Frequency, Power and Time","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3034709487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3002183","mag":"3034709487"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3002183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3002183","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09115853.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09115853.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006244276","display_name":"David H. G\u00fcltekin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1461-0980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David H. Gultekin","raw_affiliation_strings":["THz Global, La Ca\u00f1ada Flintridge, USA","Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York City, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1461-0980","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"THz Global, La Ca\u00f1ada Flintridge, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York City, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071558697","display_name":"Peter H. Siegel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2539-4646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124779","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter H. Siegel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA","Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Pasadena, USA","THz Global, La Ca\u00f1ada Flintridge, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2539-4646","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Pasadena, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"THz Global, La Ca\u00f1ada Flintridge, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006244276"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.4215,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95646957,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"115593","last_page":"115612"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10874","display_name":"Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10874","display_name":"Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10958","display_name":"Ultrasound and Hyperthermia Applications","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specific-absorption-rate","display_name":"Specific absorption rate","score":0.8761045932769775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-diffusivity","display_name":"Thermal diffusivity","score":0.5961528420448303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/absorption","display_name":"Absorption (acoustics)","score":0.5713618993759155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5449683666229248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation","display_name":"Radiation","score":0.5114330649375916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.4930376708507538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-ionizing-radiation","display_name":"Non-ionizing radiation","score":0.4912492632865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength","display_name":"Wavelength","score":0.467292845249176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/penetration-depth","display_name":"Penetration depth","score":0.4540974199771881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave","display_name":"Continuous wave","score":0.4475923478603363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-density","display_name":"Power density","score":0.4366525411605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4284715950489044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.36932066082954407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-magnetic-resonance","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","score":0.3550432324409485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.2993701696395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.263649582862854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16682776808738708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.09681963920593262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.07625651359558105}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84237751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914138","display_name":"Specific absorption rate","level":3,"score":0.8761045932769775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37668627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3381809","display_name":"Thermal diffusivity","level":2,"score":0.5961528420448303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125287762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758948","display_name":"Absorption (acoustics)","level":2,"score":0.5713618993759155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5449683666229248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153385146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18335","display_name":"Radiation","level":2,"score":0.5114330649375916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.4930376708507538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152744366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596860","display_name":"Non-ionizing radiation","level":2,"score":0.4912492632865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.467292845249176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193493375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1306232","display_name":"Penetration depth","level":2,"score":0.4540974199771881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99568719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129003","display_name":"Continuous wave","level":3,"score":0.4475923478603363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21881925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503313","display_name":"Power density","level":3,"score":0.4366525411605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4284715950489044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.36932066082954407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46141821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","level":1,"score":0.3550432324409485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.2993701696395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.263649582862854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16682776808738708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.09681963920593262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.07625651359558105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3002183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3002183","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09115853.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:authors.library.caltech.edu:104022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://authors.library.caltech.edu/104022/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402161","display_name":"CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","host_organization_name":"California Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:347a8ce0b66044f3a3219f4ec675ec78","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/347a8ce0b66044f3a3219f4ec675ec78","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 115593-115612 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3002183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3002183","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09115853.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309398","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316520","display_name":"Keysight Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/02903cd17"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3034709487.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3034709487.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1582902775","https://openalex.org/W1823829011","https://openalex.org/W1903804808","https://openalex.org/W1969496354","https://openalex.org/W1970178718","https://openalex.org/W1984155868","https://openalex.org/W1988129026","https://openalex.org/W1989567834","https://openalex.org/W1992255873","https://openalex.org/W1993073901","https://openalex.org/W1994150482","https://openalex.org/W1995615883","https://openalex.org/W1996826865","https://openalex.org/W2001345040","https://openalex.org/W2022134033","https://openalex.org/W2024920894","https://openalex.org/W2031451674","https://openalex.org/W2039389266","https://openalex.org/W2041711119","https://openalex.org/W2043323895","https://openalex.org/W2052055355","https://openalex.org/W2052978784","https://openalex.org/W2054031623","https://openalex.org/W2056015481","https://openalex.org/W2062249438","https://openalex.org/W2063764713","https://openalex.org/W2074799767","https://openalex.org/W2079094805","https://openalex.org/W2088108211","https://openalex.org/W2089424563","https://openalex.org/W2093993542","https://openalex.org/W2104071282","https://openalex.org/W2105721553","https://openalex.org/W2110354256","https://openalex.org/W2113156728","https://openalex.org/W2125011567","https://openalex.org/W2126263690","https://openalex.org/W2133972792","https://openalex.org/W2135517533","https://openalex.org/W2136267489","https://openalex.org/W2138293308","https://openalex.org/W2141707176","https://openalex.org/W2142061102","https://openalex.org/W2144470531","https://openalex.org/W2158182457","https://openalex.org/W2160260548","https://openalex.org/W2161415233","https://openalex.org/W2166793810","https://openalex.org/W2466301401","https://openalex.org/W2477993107","https://openalex.org/W2495771570","https://openalex.org/W2587402970","https://openalex.org/W2738712094","https://openalex.org/W2784272752","https://openalex.org/W2791545016","https://openalex.org/W2818212416","https://openalex.org/W2898101015","https://openalex.org/W2900945326","https://openalex.org/W2903092609","https://openalex.org/W2944252211","https://openalex.org/W2963673880","https://openalex.org/W3004142275","https://openalex.org/W3095853076","https://openalex.org/W4205556338","https://openalex.org/W4230926874","https://openalex.org/W4239526824","https://openalex.org/W4245671988","https://openalex.org/W4300108473","https://openalex.org/W6784505969"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2157952010","https://openalex.org/W1979624408","https://openalex.org/W2161257893","https://openalex.org/W2335340868","https://openalex.org/W2107245617","https://openalex.org/W2992272026","https://openalex.org/W2382541811","https://openalex.org/W2117559861","https://openalex.org/W1990433578","https://openalex.org/W2022818843"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1,209],"release":[2],"of":[3,15,70,103,141,154,206,242],"5G":[4,170],"wireless":[5],"communications":[6],"networks":[7],"has":[8],"spurred":[9],"renewed":[10],"concerns":[11],"regarding":[12],"the":[13,68,79,88,95,118,136,159,175,193,203,226,230,239],"interactions":[14],"higher":[16],"radiofrequency":[17],"(RF)":[18],"radiation":[19,71,147],"with":[20,150,180,192,215],"living":[21],"species.":[22],"We":[23,60,157,200],"examine":[24,158],"RF":[25,176,185],"exposure":[26,144,198],"and":[27,35,47,56,73,87,93,98,106,114,122,131,134,163,169,172,188,197,212,219],"absorption":[28,84,162],"in":[29,229],"ex":[30,243],"vivo":[31,244],"bovine":[32,245],"brain":[33,37,142,246],"tissue":[34,143,247],"a":[36,62,101,151],"simulating":[38],"gel":[39],"at":[40,128,166],"three":[41],"frequencies:":[42],"1.9":[43],"GHz,":[44,133],"4":[45,130],"GHz":[46,49,125],"39":[48,132],"that":[50,174],"are":[51],"relevant":[52],"to":[53,117,145,148,183,224],"current":[54],"(4G),":[55],"upcoming":[57],"(5G)":[58],"spectra.":[59],"introduce":[61],"highly":[63],"sensitive":[64,138],"thermal":[65,164,240],"method":[66,110],"for":[67],"assessment":[69,140],"exposure,":[72],"derive":[74],"experimentally,":[75],"accurate":[76],"relations":[77],"between":[78],"temperature":[80,204],"rise":[81],"(\u0394T),":[82],"specific":[83],"rate":[85],"(SAR)":[86],"incident":[89,195],"power":[90,190,196],"density":[91,191],"(F),":[92],"tabulate":[94],"coefficients,":[96],"\u0394T/\u0394F":[97],"\u0394(SAR)/\u0394F,":[99],"as":[100,126],"function":[102],"frequency,":[104],"depth":[105],"time.":[107,199],"This":[108],"new":[109,235],"provides":[111],"both":[112],"\u0394T":[113],"SAR":[115],"applicable":[116],"frequency":[119,181],"range":[120],"below":[121],"above":[123],"6":[124],"shown":[127],"1.9,":[129],"demonstrates":[135],"most":[137],"experimental":[139],"millimeter-wave":[146],"date,":[149],"detection":[152],"limit":[153],"1":[155],"mW.":[156],"beam":[160],"penetration,":[161],"diffusion":[165],"representative":[167],"4G":[168],"frequencies":[171],"show":[173,202],"heating":[177],"increases":[178],"rapidly":[179],"due":[182],"decreasing":[184],"source":[186],"wavelength":[187],"increasing":[189],"same":[194],"also":[201],"effects":[205],"continuous":[207],"wave,":[208],"pulse":[210,217],"sequences":[211],"single":[213],"pulses":[214],"varying":[216],"duration,":[218],"we":[220,237],"employ":[221],"electromagnetic":[222],"modeling":[223],"map":[225],"field":[227],"distributions":[228],"tissue.":[231],"Finally,":[232],"using":[233],"this":[234],"methodology,":[236],"measure":[238],"diffusivity":[241],"experimentally.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}