{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3034922780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3001337","title":"Detecting Total Electron Content Precursors Before Earthquakes by Examining Total Electron Content Images Based on Butterworth Filter in Convolutional Neural Networks","display_name":"Detecting Total Electron Content Precursors Before Earthquakes by Examining Total Electron Content Images Based on Butterworth Filter in Convolutional Neural Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3034922780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3001337","mag":"3034922780"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3001337","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3001337","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09113262.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09113262.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080392236","display_name":"Jyh\u2010Woei Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6875-0172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jyh-Woei Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Binjiang College, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Wuxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Binjiang College, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Wuxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110576494","display_name":"Juing-Shian Chiou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92582371","display_name":"Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0029n1t76","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92582371"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juing-Shian Chiou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6875-0172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92582371"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.2765,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74146459,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"110478","last_page":"110494"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13018","display_name":"Seismology and Earthquake Studies","score":0.9757999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.9524000287055969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tec","display_name":"TEC","score":0.9860552549362183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-electron-content","display_name":"Total electron content","score":0.6884849667549133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5562576055526733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47516483068466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35912156105041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34440878033638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3302925229072571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3240432143211365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.32092857360839844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.21455350518226624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.11025756597518921}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176379880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18031939","display_name":"TEC","level":3,"score":0.9860552549362183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165391973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844304","display_name":"Total electron content","level":4,"score":0.6884849667549133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5562576055526733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47516483068466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35912156105041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34440878033638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3302925229072571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3240432143211365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.32092857360839844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.21455350518226624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.11025756597518921}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3001337","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3001337","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09113262.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:11c619cbed2842978d3a3178dc867c31","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/11c619cbed2842978d3a3178dc867c31","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 110478-110494 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3001337","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3001337","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09113262.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3081652428","display_name":"Early Earthquake Warning Based on Artificial Intelligence Using Microseismicity, Ionosphere and Typhoon Information","funder_award_id":"MOST108-2221-E218-028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G737106015","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 108-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3034922780.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3034922780.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W201343662","https://openalex.org/W598101896","https://openalex.org/W1579517795","https://openalex.org/W1928906481","https://openalex.org/W1973399873","https://openalex.org/W1999040421","https://openalex.org/W2002096058","https://openalex.org/W2009317410","https://openalex.org/W2018979891","https://openalex.org/W2019845332","https://openalex.org/W2038705244","https://openalex.org/W2061275345","https://openalex.org/W2075266296","https://openalex.org/W2078376347","https://openalex.org/W2087182622","https://openalex.org/W2090920254","https://openalex.org/W2093625649","https://openalex.org/W2101968697","https://openalex.org/W2107182835","https://openalex.org/W2109946436","https://openalex.org/W2133396065","https://openalex.org/W2142830840","https://openalex.org/W2148255337","https://openalex.org/W2162720847","https://openalex.org/W2163004804","https://openalex.org/W2169519990","https://openalex.org/W2169976759","https://openalex.org/W2171086324","https://openalex.org/W2504865200","https://openalex.org/W2505054656","https://openalex.org/W2518947899","https://openalex.org/W2522376490","https://openalex.org/W2541794126","https://openalex.org/W2563336599","https://openalex.org/W2582675120","https://openalex.org/W2589447411","https://openalex.org/W2608316247","https://openalex.org/W2614221804","https://openalex.org/W2762410434","https://openalex.org/W2767130649","https://openalex.org/W2789500202","https://openalex.org/W2800785283","https://openalex.org/W2804344511","https://openalex.org/W2804902458","https://openalex.org/W2810323699","https://openalex.org/W2884991265","https://openalex.org/W2885336838","https://openalex.org/W2892065648","https://openalex.org/W2897567301","https://openalex.org/W2910363199","https://openalex.org/W2926849286","https://openalex.org/W2931628551","https://openalex.org/W2936332048","https://openalex.org/W2941184563","https://openalex.org/W2944864556","https://openalex.org/W2955277807","https://openalex.org/W2955775727","https://openalex.org/W2974596145","https://openalex.org/W2982907058","https://openalex.org/W3006727131","https://openalex.org/W3010834488","https://openalex.org/W3014841719","https://openalex.org/W4238194180","https://openalex.org/W4240154143","https://openalex.org/W4244156276","https://openalex.org/W4251663505","https://openalex.org/W6640376812","https://openalex.org/W6676171081","https://openalex.org/W6721465807"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391986911","https://openalex.org/W3012062545","https://openalex.org/W4390484789","https://openalex.org/W2280162962","https://openalex.org/W2281447254","https://openalex.org/W4285619956","https://openalex.org/W2126967363","https://openalex.org/W3113677547","https://openalex.org/W4249679760","https://openalex.org/W2536398560"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Daily":[0],"total":[1],"electron":[2],"content":[3],"(TEC)":[4],"images":[5,40,65],"created":[6],"by":[7,216,316],"splitting":[8,53],"TEC":[9,55,64,86,102,204,208,213,261,324],"maps":[10,56],"for":[11,88,108,345],"three":[12,59,105],"time":[13,60],"periods":[14,61],"from":[15,21,28],"September":[16,232,245],"1":[17,23,30],"to":[18,24,31,44,144,148,160,166,240,273,310,331],"24,":[19,25,32],"1999;":[20],"February":[22],"2003;":[26],"and":[27,128,165,226,235,258,292],"May":[29,264,277,327,335],"2003":[33],"(Taiwan":[34],"Standard":[35],"Time":[36],"[TST])":[37],"as":[38,193,203,211],"training":[39],"(inputs)":[41],"were":[42,72,120,140,142,158,191,201,220,314],"used":[43,159],"create":[45],"two":[46,136,156,188],"convolutional":[47],"neural":[48],"network":[49],"(CNN)":[50],"models.":[51,303],"However,":[52],"the":[54,58,79,91,109,132,149,168,171,181,187,223,241,274,282,298,307,311,323,332],"of":[57,93,95,112,117,124,152,170,186,206,244,254,285,300,322],"into":[62],"daily":[63],"caused":[66,315],"wedge":[67,70],"effects.":[68],"The":[69,115,183,287,320],"effects":[71],"reduced":[73],"using":[74],"a":[75],"low-pass":[76],"filter":[77],"called":[78],"Butterworth":[80],"filter.":[81],"This":[82],"resulted":[83],"in":[84,173],"clearer":[85],"precursors":[87,103,205,209],"earthquakes,":[89],"facilitating":[90],"identification":[92],"earthquakes":[94],"magnitude":[96,283],"Mw\u2265":[97],"5.0":[98],"that":[99,139],"exhibited":[100],"associated":[101,130],"during":[104],"periods,":[106],"particularly":[107],"Chi-Chi":[110,133,242,312],"earthquake":[111,243,275,313,333],"September21,":[113],"1999.":[114,247],"results":[116,249],"this":[118,174],"study":[119,344],"compared":[121],"with":[122,131,252,281],"those":[123,253],"Lin":[125,129],"et":[126,218,256],"al.":[127,219,257],"earthquake.":[134],"Simultaneously,":[135],"CNN":[137,189,302],"models":[138,157],"developed":[141],"verified":[143],"be":[145],"rational":[146],"due":[147],"high":[150],"accuracy":[151],"their":[153],"predictions.":[154],"These":[155,248],"verify":[161],"each":[162],"other's":[163],"accuracies":[164],"demonstrate":[167],"reliability":[169,299],"method":[172],"study.":[175],"Therefore,":[176],"statistical":[177],"analysis":[178],"was":[179,268,338],"not":[180],"aim.":[182],"final":[184],"outputs":[185],"model":[190],"defined":[192,202],"similarities.":[194],"Similarities,":[195],"which":[196],"are":[197,250],"larger":[198],"than":[199],"0.5,":[200],"earthquakes.":[207],"described":[210],"temporal":[212],"multi-precursors":[214],"(TTMPs)":[215],"Zoran":[217],"detectable":[221,269],"on":[222,231,263,276,326,334],"1st,":[224],"3rd,":[225],"4th":[227],"days":[228,271],"(that":[229],"is,":[230],"17,":[233],"18,":[234],"20,":[236],"1999,":[237],"respectively)":[238],"prior":[239,272,330],"21,":[246],"consistent":[251],"Liu":[255],"Lin.":[259],"A":[260],"precursor":[262,325],"13,":[265,328],"2003,":[266,279,329,337],"(TST)":[267,280],"2":[270],"15,":[278,336],"(Mw)":[284],"5.52.":[286],"low":[288],"standard":[289],"deviation":[290],"(STD)":[291],"mean":[293],"square":[294],"error":[295],"(MSE)":[296],"confirm":[297],"both":[301],"Regarding":[304],"mechanical":[305],"principles,":[306],"TTMPs":[308],"related":[309],"an":[317,339],"electric":[318],"field.":[319],"cause":[321],"argument":[340],"without":[341],"any":[342],"corresponding":[343],"comparison.":[346]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}