{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3034285910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3000922","title":"A MILP-Based Approach for Virtual Microgrid Restoration","display_name":"A MILP-Based Approach for Virtual Microgrid Restoration","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3034285910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3000922","mag":"3034285910"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3000922","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3000922","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09110850.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09110850.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072959365","display_name":"Ali Bu Jubarah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0537-8005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Bu Jubarah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0537-8005","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046925943","display_name":"Mohammad AlMuhaini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1163-0756"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Al-Muhaini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1163-0756","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057195313","display_name":"Ibrahim Mohammed Elamin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Mohammed Elamin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05911583,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"116695","last_page":"116703"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.9492217302322388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-power-plant","display_name":"Virtual power plant","score":0.7175740599632263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6941842436790466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.5318125486373901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5135672092437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-programming","display_name":"Linear programming","score":0.5067229866981506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.5022356510162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer-programming","display_name":"Integer programming","score":0.5017588138580322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.495324045419693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.457711398601532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.4341604709625244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management-system","display_name":"Energy management system","score":0.42631179094314575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.4044072926044464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.38929256796836853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3498348295688629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.31505006551742554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.25427037477493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.2258709967136383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17152321338653564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.15605464577674866}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.9492217302322388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776033628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785102","display_name":"Virtual power plant","level":4,"score":0.7175740599632263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6941842436790466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5318125486373901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5135672092437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.5067229866981506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.5022356510162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56086750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6042592","display_name":"Integer programming","level":2,"score":0.5017588138580322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.495324045419693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.457711398601532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.4341604709625244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781260460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6139999","display_name":"Energy management system","level":4,"score":0.42631179094314575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.4044072926044464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.38929256796836853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3498348295688629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.31505006551742554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.25427037477493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2258709967136383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17152321338653564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.15605464577674866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3000922","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3000922","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09110850.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7c824f9c5e6c415abfcf1c6b0f66adb7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7c824f9c5e6c415abfcf1c6b0f66adb7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 116695-116703 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3000922","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3000922","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09110850.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4682614510","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KAUST003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","funder_display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322320","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3034285910.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3034285910.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483790023","https://openalex.org/W1994037823","https://openalex.org/W2019432093","https://openalex.org/W2036282057","https://openalex.org/W2045328488","https://openalex.org/W2160929572","https://openalex.org/W2214527805","https://openalex.org/W2515671953","https://openalex.org/W2565958257","https://openalex.org/W2572115364","https://openalex.org/W2612437879","https://openalex.org/W2621059712","https://openalex.org/W2621596917","https://openalex.org/W2759684158","https://openalex.org/W2777217393","https://openalex.org/W2782576241","https://openalex.org/W2792827033","https://openalex.org/W2794063613","https://openalex.org/W2890208959","https://openalex.org/W2896335905","https://openalex.org/W2901795678","https://openalex.org/W2918469416","https://openalex.org/W2942903063","https://openalex.org/W2964461412","https://openalex.org/W2966129864","https://openalex.org/W2971070643","https://openalex.org/W3003653322","https://openalex.org/W3010948124"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2355150740","https://openalex.org/W1570369983","https://openalex.org/W2051053503","https://openalex.org/W2906602677","https://openalex.org/W3112588909","https://openalex.org/W1993958856","https://openalex.org/W2333017163","https://openalex.org/W2964937504","https://openalex.org/W2347673489","https://openalex.org/W2371966636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"has":[1],"been":[2],"a":[3,15,40,53,95,173,196],"sharp":[4],"increase":[5],"in":[6,11,56,119,125,130,151],"the":[7,26,45,62,73,79,85,100,107,114,120,126,137,143,152,155,159,164],"demand":[8],"for":[9,99],"energy":[10,34,127],"recent":[12],"years":[13],"as":[14,39,142,172,184,207],"result":[16],"of":[17,106,116,203],"technological":[18],"and":[19,60,83,123,136,163,190,213],"societal":[20],"advances,":[21],"requiring":[22],"continuous":[23],"updates":[24],"to":[25,43,81,141,194],"power":[27,86,132,161],"system":[28,58,66,75,122,181,189,200],"networks.":[29,103],"Greater":[30],"reliance":[31],"on":[32,47],"renewable":[33],"(RE)":[35],"sources":[36,71],"is":[37,139,170,182,192],"seen":[38],"viable":[41],"way":[42],"minimize":[44],"dependency":[46],"conventional":[48],"sources,":[49],"which":[50],"also":[51],"plays":[52],"significant":[54],"role":[55],"increasing":[57],"reliability":[59],"reducing":[61],"environmental":[63],"pollution.":[64],"The":[65,104,167,180],"resulting":[67],"from":[68,112],"merging":[69,113],"RE":[70],"with":[72],"distribution":[74],"(DS)":[76],"should":[77],"have":[78],"ability":[80],"isolate":[82],"restore":[84],"when":[87],"faults":[88],"occur.":[89],"In":[90],"this":[91],"paper,":[92],"we":[93],"propose":[94],"smart":[96,197],"restoration":[97,168],"technique":[98,109,138],"virtual":[101,131,144,198],"microgrid":[102,121,145,199],"motivation":[105],"proposed":[108],"was":[110],"derived":[111],"concept":[115],"fault":[117],"management":[118],"participating":[124],"market":[128],"(EM)":[129],"plant":[133],"(VPP)":[134],"networks,":[135],"referred":[140],"system.":[146],"Several":[147],"factors":[148],"are":[149],"considered":[150],"study,":[153],"including":[154],"maximum":[156],"load":[157],"demand,":[158],"available":[160],"supply,":[162],"operation":[165],"cost.":[166],"problem":[169],"posed":[171],"Mixed":[174],"Integer":[175],"Linear":[176],"Programming":[177],"(MILP)":[178],"problem.":[179],"implemented":[183],"an":[185],"IEEE":[186],"13":[187],"bus":[188],"it":[191],"assumed":[193],"be":[195],"that":[201],"consists":[202],"automated":[204,208],"devices,":[205],"such":[206],"switches,":[209],"computer-based":[210],"remote":[211],"control,":[212],"sensors.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-28T08:01:55.173337","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}