{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3034804175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3000716","title":"ITSSAKA-MS: An Improved Three-Factor Symmetric-Key Based Secure AKA Scheme for Multi-Server Environments","display_name":"ITSSAKA-MS: An Improved Three-Factor Symmetric-Key Based Secure AKA Scheme for Multi-Server Environments","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3034804175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3000716","mag":"3034804175"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3000716","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3000716","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09113685.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09113685.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082890663","display_name":"Zeeshan Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7567-3101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121243025","display_name":"International Islamic University, Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/047w75g40","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeeshan Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7567-3101","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079488995","display_name":"Sajid Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1540-4940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121243025","display_name":"International Islamic University, Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/047w75g40","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sajid Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065517672","display_name":"Rana Haseeb Ur Rehman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121243025","display_name":"International Islamic University, Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/047w75g40","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rana Haseeb Ur Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013316402","display_name":"Asmaa Munshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9933-0629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099699","display_name":"University of Jeddah","ror":"https://ror.org/015ya8798","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asmaa Munshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Department, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Department, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084171715","display_name":"Misbah Liaqat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099699","display_name":"University of Jeddah","ror":"https://ror.org/015ya8798","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Misbah Liaqat","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Information Technology, University of Jeddah, Khulais, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Information Technology, University of Jeddah, Khulais, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409306","display_name":"Neeraj Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-3947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143578492","display_name":"Asia University","ror":"https://ror.org/038a1tp19","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162030827","display_name":"Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00wdq3744","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["IN","SA","TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neeraj Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering Department, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India","Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan","King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-3947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047048551","display_name":"Shehzad Ashraf Chaudhry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9321-6956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091267","display_name":"\u0130stanbul Geli\u015fim \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/0188hvh39","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091267"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shehzad Ashraf Chaudhry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9321-6956","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091267"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.5104,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95997831,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"107993","last_page":"108003"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8301515579223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.7098098397254944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-card","display_name":"Smart card","score":0.6069892644882202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session-key","display_name":"Session key","score":0.5437896847724915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.529662549495697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4762680232524872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symmetric-key-algorithm","display_name":"Symmetric-key algorithm","score":0.44108420610427856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.4349086880683899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4212114214897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-analysis","display_name":"Security analysis","score":0.413927286863327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3551056683063507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.2810765504837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.26909634470939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.15595820546150208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8301515579223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.7098098397254944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110406131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41349","display_name":"Smart card","level":2,"score":0.6069892644882202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191197275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755775","display_name":"Session key","level":3,"score":0.5437896847724915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.529662549495697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4762680232524872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65302260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327675","display_name":"Symmetric-key algorithm","level":4,"score":0.44108420610427856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.4349086880683899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4212114214897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.413927286863327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3551056683063507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.2810765504837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.26909634470939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.15595820546150208}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3000716","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3000716","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09113685.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:45d8895f36734e8fa894cf163fbd9b53","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/45d8895f36734e8fa894cf163fbd9b53","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 107993-108003 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3000716","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3000716","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09113685.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3034804175.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3034804175.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W216861497","https://openalex.org/W340507404","https://openalex.org/W1495989020","https://openalex.org/W1521657115","https://openalex.org/W1559899223","https://openalex.org/W1965929698","https://openalex.org/W1983973172","https://openalex.org/W2002210495","https://openalex.org/W2010122144","https://openalex.org/W2012502254","https://openalex.org/W2020926437","https://openalex.org/W2026130590","https://openalex.org/W2028857131","https://openalex.org/W2029693536","https://openalex.org/W2035099839","https://openalex.org/W2048887528","https://openalex.org/W2050760912","https://openalex.org/W2057318681","https://openalex.org/W2064769034","https://openalex.org/W2067162334","https://openalex.org/W2067438990","https://openalex.org/W2069248426","https://openalex.org/W2075065407","https://openalex.org/W2079668303","https://openalex.org/W2089229845","https://openalex.org/W2105114022","https://openalex.org/W2124234601","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2187738029","https://openalex.org/W2260969275","https://openalex.org/W2396934461","https://openalex.org/W2514873781","https://openalex.org/W2521419194","https://openalex.org/W2561614683","https://openalex.org/W2586387094","https://openalex.org/W2590072791","https://openalex.org/W2613748018","https://openalex.org/W2725337021","https://openalex.org/W2731641027","https://openalex.org/W2749503685","https://openalex.org/W2782556342","https://openalex.org/W2890503685","https://openalex.org/W2908041061","https://openalex.org/W2909528514","https://openalex.org/W2914210472","https://openalex.org/W2966248640","https://openalex.org/W2969139182","https://openalex.org/W2969264604","https://openalex.org/W2972878892","https://openalex.org/W3005819255","https://openalex.org/W3009951551","https://openalex.org/W3011459329","https://openalex.org/W3014585752","https://openalex.org/W3151399312","https://openalex.org/W6631282774","https://openalex.org/W6633654276","https://openalex.org/W6682554491","https://openalex.org/W6726056446"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2995265577","https://openalex.org/W1497374982","https://openalex.org/W3109887310","https://openalex.org/W1986113902","https://openalex.org/W4252821595","https://openalex.org/W2107311082","https://openalex.org/W1972417273","https://openalex.org/W2898483019","https://openalex.org/W3120651194","https://openalex.org/W4239561931"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"variety":[1],"of":[2,22,65,95,143,205],"three-factor":[3,190],"smart-card":[4],"based":[5,192],"schemes,":[6],"specifically":[7],"designed":[8],"for":[9,17,26,31,46,73,91,107,199],"telecare":[10],"medicine":[11],"information":[12],"systems":[13],"(TMIS)":[14],"are":[15,28],"available":[16],"remote":[18],"user":[19,157,169],"authentication.":[20],"Most":[21],"the":[23,32,63,67,71,74,93,117,131,141,175,182,221,232],"existing":[24],"schemes":[25],"TMIS":[27],"customarily":[29],"proposed":[30,103,222,242],"single":[33],"server-based":[34],"environments":[35,201],"and":[36,51,69,114,195,227,234],"in":[37,77],"a":[38,44,78,96,111,216],"single-server":[39],"environment.":[40,98],"Therefore,":[41],"there":[42],"is":[43,147,207],"need":[45,83],"patients":[47],"to":[48,56,84,87,134,149,180,250],"distinctly":[49],"register":[50,85],"login":[52],"with":[53,215],"each":[54],"server":[55,153],"employ":[57],"distinct":[58],"services,":[59],"so":[60],"it":[61,138],"escalates":[62],"overhead":[64],"keeping":[66],"cards":[68],"memorizing":[70],"passwords":[72],"users.":[75],"Whereas,":[76],"multi-server":[79,97,200],"environment,":[80],"users":[81],"only":[82,241],"once":[86],"resort":[88],"various":[89],"services":[90],"exploiting":[92],"benefits":[94],"Recently,":[99],"Barman":[100,144],"et":[101,145],"al.":[102,146],"an":[104,188],"authentication":[105,194],"scheme":[106,118,142,173,198,223,243],"e-healthcare":[108],"by":[109],"employing":[110],"fuzzy":[112],"commitment":[113],"asserted":[115],"that":[116,140,240],"can":[119],"endure":[120],"many":[121,150],"known":[122,246],"attacks.":[123],"Nevertheless,":[124],"after":[125],"careful":[126],"analysis,":[127],"this":[128,185],"paper":[129],"presents":[130],"shortcoming":[132],"related":[133],"its":[135,167],"design.":[136],"Furthermore,":[137],"proves":[139],"prone":[148],"attacks":[151,163,247],"including:":[152],"impersonation,":[154,158],"session-key":[155],"leakage,":[156],"secret":[159],"temporary":[160],"parameter":[161],"leakage":[162],"as":[164,166,248],"well":[165],"lacks":[168],"anonymity.":[170],"Moreover,":[171],"their":[172],"has":[174],"scalability":[176],"issue.":[177],"In":[178,230],"order":[179],"mitigate":[181],"aforementioned":[183],"issues,":[184],"work":[186],"proposes":[187],"amended":[189],"symmetric-key":[191],"secure":[193],"key":[196],"agreement":[197],"(ITSSAKA-MS).":[202],"The":[203],"security":[204,217,237],"ITSSAKA-MS":[206],"proved":[208],"formally":[209],"under":[210],"automated":[211,235],"tool":[212],"AVISPA":[213],"along":[214],"feature":[218],"discussion.":[219],"Although,":[220],"requisites":[224],"additional":[225],"communication":[226],"computation":[228],"costs.":[229],"contrast,":[231],"informal":[233],"formal":[236],"analysis":[238],"indicate":[239],"withstands":[244],"several":[245],"compared":[249],"recent":[251],"benchmark":[252],"schemes.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}