{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3030952629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2998468","title":"Point Cloud Normal Estimation by Fast Guided Least Squares Representation","display_name":"Point Cloud Normal Estimation by Fast Guided Least Squares Representation","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3030952629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2998468","mag":"3030952629"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2998468","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2998468","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09103529.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09103529.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100436628","display_name":"Jie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7187-3528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153374732","display_name":"Liaoning Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/04c3cgg32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153374732"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7187-3528","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153374732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040023626","display_name":"Jiahui Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1097-5170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153374732","display_name":"Liaoning Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/04c3cgg32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153374732"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahui Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153374732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050024200","display_name":"Kewei Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4846-2231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153374732","display_name":"Liaoning Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/04c3cgg32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153374732"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kewei Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153374732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087081747","display_name":"Junjie Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7431-7516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junjie Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100645085","display_name":"Xiuping Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1712-6083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuping Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0499,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7201864,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"101580","last_page":"101590"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.8545299768447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-topology","display_name":"Subspace topology","score":0.7141004800796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6381847858428955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6299115419387817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5796620845794678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5717691779136658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5662127137184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plane","display_name":"Plane (geometry)","score":0.5388805866241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/least-squares-function-approximation","display_name":"Least-squares function approximation","score":0.45239630341529846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normal","display_name":"Normal","score":0.4313930571079254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3510661721229553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3182235658168793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2939791679382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.11568665504455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07519039511680603}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.8545299768447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.7141004800796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6381847858428955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6299115419387817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5796620845794678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5717691779136658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5662127137184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17825722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17285","display_name":"Plane (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5388805866241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9936470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510405","display_name":"Least-squares function approximation","level":3,"score":0.45239630341529846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118732077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273176","display_name":"Normal","level":3,"score":0.4313930571079254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3510661721229553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3182235658168793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2939791679382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.11568665504455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07519039511680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2998468","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2998468","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09103529.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2c6e179cca8842e9afa0b33cf16b5952","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2c6e179cca8842e9afa0b33cf16b5952","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 101580-101590 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2998468","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2998468","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09103529.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2213895287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018ZX04041001-007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3041490512","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018ZX04041001-007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G365595054","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018ZX04016001-011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4246113849","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018ZX04016001-011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4906313875","display_name":"\u5468\u671f\u6027\u6781\u5c0f\u66f2\u9762\u591a\u5b54\u7ed3\u6784\u5728\u6a21\u578b\u8f7b\u91cf\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u5efa\u6a21\u4e0e\u4f18\u5316\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61772104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6589032321","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XLYC1907169","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329895","funder_display_name":"Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6742704600","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61702245","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7090204909","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61702243","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329895","display_name":"Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3030952629.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3030952629.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19756496","https://openalex.org/W413835352","https://openalex.org/W1537603411","https://openalex.org/W1986465719","https://openalex.org/W1993962865","https://openalex.org/W1996800636","https://openalex.org/W1997201895","https://openalex.org/W2001424961","https://openalex.org/W2004402003","https://openalex.org/W2012525677","https://openalex.org/W2019535803","https://openalex.org/W2029041800","https://openalex.org/W2043228434","https://openalex.org/W2052790699","https://openalex.org/W2053008628","https://openalex.org/W2058524213","https://openalex.org/W2064139881","https://openalex.org/W2065220650","https://openalex.org/W2081750044","https://openalex.org/W2100816864","https://openalex.org/W2113634802","https://openalex.org/W2121947440","https://openalex.org/W2130567155","https://openalex.org/W2135046489","https://openalex.org/W2142873256","https://openalex.org/W2157950344","https://openalex.org/W2199460564","https://openalex.org/W2274280696","https://openalex.org/W2366389387","https://openalex.org/W2605983441","https://openalex.org/W2613109975","https://openalex.org/W2766448241","https://openalex.org/W2799893270","https://openalex.org/W2959581809","https://openalex.org/W2963515086","https://openalex.org/W3102669005","https://openalex.org/W3137369665","https://openalex.org/W3146210588","https://openalex.org/W4214886506","https://openalex.org/W4229976114","https://openalex.org/W6655334594","https://openalex.org/W6663433947"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2807388419","https://openalex.org/W4385921699","https://openalex.org/W3202141563","https://openalex.org/W2757636402","https://openalex.org/W4206034977","https://openalex.org/W4384158586","https://openalex.org/W2732611320","https://openalex.org/W2081750044","https://openalex.org/W3133812613","https://openalex.org/W2051217510"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Normal":[0],"estimation":[1],"is":[2,45,50,68,80,95,211],"an":[3,51],"essential":[4],"task":[5],"for":[6,97,105,158,167],"scanned":[7],"point":[8,94],"clouds":[9],"in":[10,59,109],"various":[11],"CAD/CAM":[12],"applications.":[13,61,160],"The":[14,62,85,205],"method":[15,210],"(GLSRNE)":[16],"based":[17],"on":[18],"guided":[19],"least":[20],"squares":[21],"representation":[22],"(GLSR)":[23],"balances":[24],"speed":[25,118],"with":[26,91,136],"quality":[27],"well":[28],"among":[29],"state-of-the-art":[30,222],"methods.":[31,223],"First,":[32,114],"it":[33],"segments":[34],"each":[35,78],"neighborhood":[36],"into":[37],"multiple":[38],"sub-neighborhoods.":[39],"For":[40],"some":[41],"neighborhoods,":[42],"the":[43,65,71,88,92,98,110,117,129,144,147,179,184,187,196,199,202],"segmentation":[44,54,63],"obtained":[46],"by":[47,82],"GLSR":[48],"which":[49],"efficient":[52],"subspace":[53,72],"model":[55],"and":[56,107,189,201,215,220],"widely":[57],"applied":[58],"other":[60,159,221],"of":[64,119,146],"rest":[66],"neighborhoods":[67],"inferred":[69],"via":[70],"structure":[73],"propagation":[74],"(SSP)":[75],"algorithm.":[76],"Then,":[77],"sub-neighborhood":[79],"fitted":[81],"a":[83,123,164],"plane.":[84],"plane":[86,176,188,200],"achieving":[87],"minimum":[89],"distance":[90],"current":[93,203],"selected":[96],"final":[99,180],"normal":[100,165],"estimation.":[101],"We":[102],"make":[103],"improvements":[104],"effectiveness":[106],"efficiency":[108],"following":[111],"three":[112],"aspects.":[113],"to":[115,127,134,169,177],"improve":[116,170],"GLSR,":[120],"we":[121,162,182],"propose":[122],"novel":[124],"iterative":[125],"algorithm":[126,153],"reduce":[128],"computation":[130],"complexity":[131],"from":[132],"$O(n^{3})$":[133],"$O(n^{2})$":[135],"its":[137],"convergence":[138],"guaranteed":[139],"theoretically,":[140],"where":[141],"$n$":[142],"represents":[143],"number":[145],"data":[148],"points.":[149],"Moreover,":[150],"this":[151],"proposed":[152],"will":[154],"also":[155],"be":[156],"useful":[157],"Second,":[161],"add":[163],"constraint":[166],"SSP":[168],"accuracy.":[171],"Third,":[172],"when":[173],"selecting":[174],"one":[175],"estimate":[178],"normal,":[181],"consider":[183],"match":[185,197],"between":[186,198],"all":[190],"neighbors,":[191],"whereas":[192],"GLSRNE":[193,214,219],"only":[194],"considers":[195],"point.":[204],"experiments":[206],"exhibit":[207],"that":[208],"our":[209],"faster":[212],"than":[213,218],"more":[216],"effective":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}