{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3031245058","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2998079","title":"On the Performance of Temporal Stacking and Vegetation Indices for Detection and Estimation of Tobacco Crop","display_name":"On the Performance of Temporal Stacking and Vegetation Indices for Detection and Estimation of Tobacco Crop","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3031245058","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2998079","mag":"3031245058"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2998079","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2998079","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09102304.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09102304.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088373701","display_name":"Waleed Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8829-7050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waleed Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology at Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8829-7050","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology at Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089263595","display_name":"Nasru Minallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6616-9093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasru Minallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology at Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology at Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032911527","display_name":"Imran Ullah Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3268-4844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imran Ullah Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Underwater Acoustics Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3268-4844","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Underwater Acoustics Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003359351","display_name":"Zahid Wadud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7118-6496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zahid Wadud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology at Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7118-6496","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology at Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023107930","display_name":"Muhammad Zeeshan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7251-448X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Zeeshan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology at Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology at Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057883638","display_name":"Suhail Yousaf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5388-0484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suhail Yousaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology at Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology at Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024138600","display_name":"Abdul Baseer Qazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2903-1612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59225215","display_name":"Bahria University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v8d7770","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Baseer Qazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.6311,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8018631,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"103020","last_page":"103033"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stacking","display_name":"Stacking","score":0.5904552340507507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.5838019847869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5505759716033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop","display_name":"Crop","score":0.5191906690597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation-index","display_name":"Vegetation Index","score":0.44964727759361267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3909035623073578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3592355251312256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.35573992133140564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalized-difference-vegetation-index","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","score":0.28491806983947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.16137918829917908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agronomy","display_name":"Agronomy","score":0.14860984683036804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1338200569152832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaf-area-index","display_name":"Leaf area index","score":0.1235596239566803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.0860004723072052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06464177370071411}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33347731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285210","display_name":"Stacking","level":2,"score":0.5904552340507507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.5838019847869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5505759716033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137580998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352","display_name":"Crop","level":2,"score":0.5191906690597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780376076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1499458","display_name":"Vegetation Index","level":4,"score":0.44964727759361267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3909035623073578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3592355251312256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.35573992133140564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1549246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718775","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","level":3,"score":0.28491806983947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.16137918829917908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.14860984683036804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1338200569152832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25989453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446746","display_name":"Leaf area index","level":2,"score":0.1235596239566803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0860004723072052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06464177370071411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46141821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2998079","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2998079","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09102304.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:78ffba8ac7394bc6a36ba7c4a3fcfbc4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/78ffba8ac7394bc6a36ba7c4a3fcfbc4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 103020-103033 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2998079","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2998079","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09102304.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1138935153","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HEUCFG201712/3072019CFJ0518","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321939","funder_display_name":"Harbin Engineering University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321939","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3031245058.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3031245058.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W873297269","https://openalex.org/W1986609320","https://openalex.org/W1997005542","https://openalex.org/W2026765215","https://openalex.org/W2028670389","https://openalex.org/W2045801186","https://openalex.org/W2056435747","https://openalex.org/W2058312673","https://openalex.org/W2062848325","https://openalex.org/W2065847473","https://openalex.org/W2073177452","https://openalex.org/W2076508058","https://openalex.org/W2079454091","https://openalex.org/W2134603844","https://openalex.org/W2155632266","https://openalex.org/W2170258954","https://openalex.org/W2484997644","https://openalex.org/W2538244214","https://openalex.org/W2562081974","https://openalex.org/W2604870469","https://openalex.org/W2753119057","https://openalex.org/W2767953525","https://openalex.org/W2786308605","https://openalex.org/W2790899344","https://openalex.org/W2791456092","https://openalex.org/W2803507394","https://openalex.org/W2883026662","https://openalex.org/W2939142805","https://openalex.org/W2947377487","https://openalex.org/W2983376237","https://openalex.org/W6679935922","https://openalex.org/W6730626168"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3018080369","https://openalex.org/W4298152215","https://openalex.org/W4292161287","https://openalex.org/W2171400093","https://openalex.org/W2383038510","https://openalex.org/W2371343493","https://openalex.org/W2388889817","https://openalex.org/W2980711745","https://openalex.org/W3017461794","https://openalex.org/W2372683889"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning":[1,100,134,181,226],"in":[2,11,49,71,140,299],"association":[3,163],"with":[4,164,202,295,306,314,318],"remote":[5],"sensing":[6],"has":[7],"assisted":[8],"agricultural":[9],"specialists":[10],"monitoring,":[12],"classification":[13,136,175,221,302],"and":[14,35,42,79,85,161,195,213,277,282,316],"yield":[15,36,80],"estimation":[16,37,105],"of":[17,25,51,53,60,68,112,115,119,145,167,177,186,200,223,235,274,280,290,304,321],"crops.":[18],"Tobacco":[19],"is":[20,87,170,228],"a":[21,57,97,132],"major":[22],"taxable":[23],"crop":[24,77,104,128,160,276],"Pakistan,":[26],"however":[27],"the":[28,66,72,89,116,126,142,146,151,154,158,165,174,178,184,188,203,220,224,300,309],"existing":[29],"traditional":[30],"methods":[31],"for":[32,75,102,125,233],"its":[33,82,162],"monitoring":[34,78],"are":[38],"not":[39],"only":[40],"expensive":[41],"time":[43],"consuming":[44],"but":[45],"also":[46],"have":[47,95],"limitations":[48],"terms":[50],"accuracy":[52],"collected":[54],"data":[55,111,232,260],"by":[56],"large":[58],"number":[59],"diverse":[61],"human":[62],"surveyors.":[63],"Due":[64],"to":[65,172,308],"existence":[67],"such":[69],"loopholes":[70],"employed":[73,179],"mechanism":[74,101,227,255],"tobacco":[76,103,148,159,275],"estimation,":[81],"illicit":[83],"growth":[84],"distribution":[86],"on":[88,219,271],"rise.":[90],"In":[91],"this":[92],"paper":[93],"we":[94,130],"established":[96],"sophisticated":[98],"machine":[99,133,180,225],"using":[106,120,243,252],"temporally":[107,267,291],"stacked":[108,268,292,313],"sentinel-2":[109,201,205],"satellite's":[110],"Pakistan.":[113],"Instead":[114],"conventional":[117],"approach":[118],"single":[121,264,310],"remotely":[122],"sensed":[123],"imagery":[124,293,312],"target":[127,147],"classification,":[129],"propose":[131],"based":[135,270],"algorithm":[137],"while":[138,256],"keeping":[139],"view":[141],"phonological":[143,272],"cycle":[144,273],"crop.":[149],"Using":[150],"proposed":[152,254,286],"mechanism,":[153],"temporal":[155],"variations":[156,166],"within":[157],"other":[168],"vegetation":[169,189,196],"considered":[171],"improve":[173],"performance":[176,222,303,319],"algorithm.":[182],"Furthermore,":[183],"impact":[185],"stacking":[187,297],"indices":[190],"derived":[191],"from":[192],"near":[193],"infrared":[194],"red":[197],"edge":[198],"bands":[199],"original":[204],"datasets,":[206],"including":[207,263],"Normalized":[208,214],"Difference":[209,215],"Vegetation":[210],"Index":[211,216],"(NDVI)":[212],"45":[217],"(NDI45),":[218],"investigated.":[229],"Ground":[230],"Truth":[231],"training":[234],"our":[236,253],"Artificial":[237],"Neural":[238],"Networks":[239],"classifier,":[240],"was":[241],"obtained":[242],"indigenously":[244],"developed":[245],"survey":[246],"application":[247],"\u201cGEOSurvey\u201d.":[248],"Experiments":[249],"were":[250],"conducted":[251],"considering":[257],"various":[258],"input":[259],"setups":[261],"-":[262],"date":[265,311],"imagery,":[266],"datasets":[269],"different":[278],"combinations":[279],"NDVI":[281,296,315],"NDI45":[283],"stacking.":[284],"Our":[285],"experimental":[287],"setup":[288],"consisting":[289],"along":[294],"results":[298],"best":[301],"95.81%":[305],"reference":[307],"NDI45,":[317],"gain":[320],"07.32%.":[322]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
