{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3029900849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997996","title":"Mining Pool Game Model and Nash Equilibrium Analysis for PoW-Based Blockchain Networks","display_name":"Mining Pool Game Model and Nash Equilibrium Analysis for PoW-Based Blockchain Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3029900849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997996","mag":"3029900849"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2997996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997996","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09102230.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09102230.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042128718","display_name":"Wenbai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6048-4850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenbai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Economics and Management, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China","College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Economics and Management, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011198190","display_name":"Mengwen Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengwen Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371984","display_name":"Yue Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0278-2347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067116677","display_name":"Changbing Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changbing Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Electronics Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Electronics Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009477865","display_name":"Feilong Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0981-3721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feilong Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042128718"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":11.388,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98434032,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"101049","last_page":"101060"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9484999775886536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nash-equilibrium","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","score":0.7824259996414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.7337604761123657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6695334315299988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.6111888885498047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/openness-to-experience","display_name":"Openness to experience","score":0.5245991945266724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.4569332003593445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work-system","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","score":0.43928828835487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3925210237503052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.25808048248291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.17624321579933167}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46814582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23389","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","level":2,"score":0.7824259996414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.7337604761123657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6695334315299988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.6111888885498047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84976871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673","display_name":"Openness to experience","level":2,"score":0.5245991945266724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.4569332003593445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.43928828835487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3925210237503052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.25808048248291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.17624321579933167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2997996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997996","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09102230.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:49973040652744588a8989b26fccb9cc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/49973040652744588a8989b26fccb9cc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 101049-101060 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2997996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997996","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09102230.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2004605153","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61877055","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4952792622","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LY18F030013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3029900849.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3029900849.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972614536","https://openalex.org/W1988600100","https://openalex.org/W2103863878","https://openalex.org/W2263222003","https://openalex.org/W2293624543","https://openalex.org/W2540162589","https://openalex.org/W2748692995","https://openalex.org/W2749029156","https://openalex.org/W2802219065","https://openalex.org/W2811112224","https://openalex.org/W2947589355","https://openalex.org/W3105327943","https://openalex.org/W4289799450","https://openalex.org/W6693277972"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W2981481350","https://openalex.org/W4312141693","https://openalex.org/W1969185016","https://openalex.org/W1536009559","https://openalex.org/W2103821767","https://openalex.org/W2037619003","https://openalex.org/W2111030377"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"technology,":[1,36],"has":[2,21],"the":[3,30,37,41,49,74,77,84,92,101,113,134,149,153,156,162,169,180],"characteristics":[4],"of":[5,34,43,76,148,155,165],"decentralization,":[6],"openness":[7],"and":[8,138,161,175,179],"transparency,":[9],"so":[10,67,104],"that":[11],"everyone":[12],"can":[13],"participate":[14],"in":[15,26],"database":[16],"recording.":[17],"Therefore,":[18],"blockchain":[19,35],"technology":[20],"a":[22,62,126],"good":[23],"application":[24,33],"prospect":[25],"various":[27],"industries.":[28],"As":[29],"most":[31],"successful":[32],"Bitcoin":[38],"system":[39],"applies":[40],"Proof":[42],"Work":[44],"(PoW)":[45],"consensus":[46,51,136],"mechanism.":[47],"Under":[48],"PoW":[50,135],"mechanism,":[52],"each":[53],"miner":[54],"competes":[55],"through":[56,184],"his":[57,108],"own":[58,109],"power":[59,157],"to":[60,69,73,82,87,106,117,158],"solve":[61],"SHA256":[63],"mathematical":[64],"problem":[65],"together,":[66],"as":[68,105],"gain":[70],"profits.":[71],"Due":[72],"difficulty":[75],"cryptography":[78],"puzzle,":[79],"miners":[80,167],"tend":[81],"join":[83],"mining":[85,102,119,130,150,170],"pool":[86],"obtain":[88],"stable":[89],"income.":[90],"And":[91],"block":[93],"withholding":[94],"attacks":[95],"will":[96],"be":[97,159],"carried":[98],"out":[99],"between":[100,129],"pools,":[103],"maximize":[107],"income":[110,176],"by":[111],"controlling":[112],"infiltration":[114,172],"rate":[115,164,173],"dispatched":[116,166],"other":[118],"pools.":[120],"In":[121],"this":[122],"paper,":[123],"we":[124],"build":[125],"game":[127],"model":[128],"pools":[131],"based":[132],"on":[133,168],"algorithm,":[137],"analyze":[139],"its":[140],"Nash":[141],"equilibrium":[142],"from":[143],"two":[144],"perspectives.":[145],"The":[146],"influence":[147],"pools'":[151],"power,":[152],"ratio":[154],"infiltrated,":[160],"betrayed":[163],"pool's":[171],"selection":[174],"were":[177,182],"explored,":[178],"results":[181],"obtained":[183],"numerical":[185],"simulations.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
