{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3028638837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997776","title":"Gain-Scheduled Observer-Based Finite-Time Control Algorithm for an Automated Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery System","display_name":"Gain-Scheduled Observer-Based Finite-Time Control Algorithm for an Automated Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery System","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3028638837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997776","mag":"3028638837"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2997776","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997776","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09099789.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09099789.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087356588","display_name":"Waqar Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5130-2656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Waqar Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5130-2656","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035648798","display_name":"Qudrat Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9051-5627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qudrat Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Advanced Studies in Telecommunications (CAST), COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9051-5627","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Advanced Studies in Telecommunications (CAST), COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057765185","display_name":"Raja Ali Riaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4640-8496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raja Ali Riaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065645820","display_name":"Rini Akmeliawati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0660-2312"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rini Akmeliawati","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011875207","display_name":"Ilyas Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2056-9371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141445968","display_name":"Ton Duc Thang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01drq0835","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141445968"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilyas Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141445968"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057525661","display_name":"Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5769-4320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142608572","display_name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Al-Dawaser, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5769-4320","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Al-Dawaser, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087356588"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0973,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78739437,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"103088","last_page":"103099"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10839","display_name":"Pancreatic function and diabetes","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11171","display_name":"Diabetes and associated disorders","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.7338101863861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-pancreas","display_name":"Artificial pancreas","score":0.6105983853340149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5233442187309265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observer","display_name":"Observer (physics)","score":0.5221957564353943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backstepping","display_name":"Backstepping","score":0.5185092687606812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-delivery","display_name":"Insulin delivery","score":0.4865056872367859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin","display_name":"Insulin","score":0.48363983631134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.4584277868270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closed-loop","display_name":"Closed loop","score":0.45830726623535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic","display_name":"Glycemic","score":0.4140295684337616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-1-diabetes","display_name":"Type 1 diabetes","score":0.3025973439216614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.27693986892700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.2325039505958557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-control","display_name":"Adaptive control","score":0.21402600407600403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.20646360516548157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.18735185265541077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17166665196418762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10937729477882385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endocrinology","display_name":"Endocrinology","score":0.08180084824562073}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.7338101863861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780353609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569064","display_name":"Artificial pancreas","level":4,"score":0.6105983853340149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5233442187309265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780704645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9251458","display_name":"Observer (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5221957564353943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72218879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4839759","display_name":"Backstepping","level":4,"score":0.5185092687606812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994527087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370","display_name":"Insulin delivery","level":4,"score":0.4865056872367859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779306644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370","display_name":"Insulin","level":2,"score":0.48363983631134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.4584277868270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019251811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135346","display_name":"Closed loop","level":2,"score":0.45830726623535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780473172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5572518","display_name":"Glycemic","level":3,"score":0.4140295684337616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781232474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124407","display_name":"Type 1 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.3025973439216614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.27693986892700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.2325039505958557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107464732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235781","display_name":"Adaptive control","level":3,"score":0.21402600407600403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.20646360516548157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.18735185265541077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17166665196418762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10937729477882385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.08180084824562073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2997776","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997776","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09099789.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:464eab9277504d2686a11c7ee4a5bce2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/464eab9277504d2686a11c7ee4a5bce2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 103088-103099 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2997776","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997776","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09099789.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3028638837.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3028638837.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522507378","https://openalex.org/W1588758505","https://openalex.org/W1995408262","https://openalex.org/W2000201135","https://openalex.org/W2016134811","https://openalex.org/W2024272614","https://openalex.org/W2060446060","https://openalex.org/W2084177474","https://openalex.org/W2090167557","https://openalex.org/W2100097728","https://openalex.org/W2109483761","https://openalex.org/W2113766349","https://openalex.org/W2131596548","https://openalex.org/W2134323508","https://openalex.org/W2137662410","https://openalex.org/W2139775728","https://openalex.org/W2150844040","https://openalex.org/W2162957926","https://openalex.org/W2312354914","https://openalex.org/W2344261455","https://openalex.org/W2603232779","https://openalex.org/W2691147593","https://openalex.org/W2782661788","https://openalex.org/W2783880739","https://openalex.org/W2784145046","https://openalex.org/W2790646137","https://openalex.org/W2793692614","https://openalex.org/W2799551166","https://openalex.org/W2809127847","https://openalex.org/W2887210375","https://openalex.org/W2889943889","https://openalex.org/W2893303419","https://openalex.org/W2899621333","https://openalex.org/W2905987176","https://openalex.org/W2921696364","https://openalex.org/W2931266836","https://openalex.org/W2942684165","https://openalex.org/W2943141190","https://openalex.org/W2962913568","https://openalex.org/W2970996307","https://openalex.org/W2984875811","https://openalex.org/W2988390651","https://openalex.org/W3002898196","https://openalex.org/W4243051884"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2328909424","https://openalex.org/W2048001554","https://openalex.org/W2470196169","https://openalex.org/W2995903277","https://openalex.org/W2080500932","https://openalex.org/W3033240123","https://openalex.org/W2616561702","https://openalex.org/W2891785890","https://openalex.org/W2144785271","https://openalex.org/W2185518926"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,66],"diabetes":[1],"mellitus,":[2],"the":[3,40,59,63,95,125,131,137,141,145,151,174,189,193,199,204,215],"efficient":[4],"alleviation":[5],"of":[6,22,46,62,140,176,192,217],"hyperglycemia,":[7],"an":[8,27,36,168],"elevated":[9],"glycemic":[10,96],"concentration,":[11],"is":[12,21,58,81,99,110,165,228,234],"quite":[13,100],"crucial":[14],"to":[15,25],"avoid":[16],"persistent":[17],"complications.":[18],"Thus,":[19],"it":[20,197],"prime":[23],"importance":[24],"have":[26],"automated":[28],"closed-loop":[29,64,89,205,210],"insulin":[30,48,90,211],"delivery":[31,91,212],"system,":[32,92],"often":[33],"termed":[34],"as":[35],"artificial":[37],"pancreas,":[38],"in":[39,102,130,183,223,236],"patient's":[41],"body.":[42],"The":[43,83,107,178,208,226],"requisite":[44],"amount":[45],"exogenous":[47],"bolus":[49],"must":[50],"be":[51],"determined":[52],"by":[53,112,160],"a":[54,69,76,88,114,118,155],"control":[55,72,85,108,121,133,147],"algorithm,":[56],"which":[57,93,135,172,181,233],"primary":[60],"constituent":[61],"system.":[65],"this":[67],"article,":[68],"finite-time":[70,138],"synergistic":[71],"approach,":[73],"based":[74,187],"on":[75,150,188],"gain-scheduled":[77],"Luenberger":[78],"observer":[79],"(GSLO),":[80],"introduced.":[82],"proposed":[84,146,209],"strategy":[86],"establishes":[87],"confirms":[94,214],"regulation":[97],"that":[98],"obligatory":[101],"type-1":[103],"diabetic":[104],"(T1D)":[105],"patients.":[106,225],"law":[109,148],"synthesized":[111],"using":[113],"recursive":[115],"backstepping":[116],"with":[117],"sliding":[119],"mode":[120],"(SMC)":[122],"approach.":[123],"Besides,":[124],"nonlinear":[126],"terms":[127],"are":[128,186],"incorporated,":[129],"pseudo":[132],"inputs,":[134],"provide":[136],"convergence":[139],"system's":[142,152,194,206],"trajectories.":[143],"Since":[144],"relies":[149],"information,":[153],"thus,":[154],"virtual":[156],"patient":[157],"simulator,":[158],"presented":[159],"Bergman":[161],"minimal":[162],"model":[163],"(BMM),":[164],"transformed":[166],"into":[167],"equivalent":[169],"dynamic":[170],"structure,":[171],"facilitates":[173],"design":[175],"GSLO.":[177],"observer's":[179],"gains,":[180],"modify":[182],"each":[184],"iteration,":[185],"updated":[190],"values":[191],"states.":[195],"Also,":[196],"endorses":[198],"separation":[200],"principle,":[201],"thus":[202],"proving":[203],"stability.":[207],"system":[213],"suppression":[216],"postprandial":[218],"hyperglycemia":[219],"and":[220],"hypoglycemic":[221],"events":[222],"T1D":[224],"efficacy":[227],"demonstrated":[229],"via":[230],"in-silico":[231],"testing,":[232],"executed":[235],"MATLAB/Simulink":[237],"environment.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}