{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3032184444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997727","title":"An Adaptive and Flexible Brain Energized Full Body Exoskeleton With IoT Edge for Assisting the Paralyzed Patients","display_name":"An Adaptive and Flexible Brain Energized Full Body Exoskeleton With IoT Edge for Assisting the Paralyzed Patients","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3032184444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997727","mag":"3032184444"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2997727","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997727","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09099875.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09099875.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010863209","display_name":"Sunil Jacob","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0911-7793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125414","display_name":"Lincoln University College","ror":"https://ror.org/02yd50j87","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125414"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sunil Jacob","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia","Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SCMS School of Engineering and Technology, Ernakulam, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125414"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SCMS School of Engineering and Technology, Ernakulam, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027323197","display_name":"Mukil Alagirisamy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1623-1914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125414","display_name":"Lincoln University College","ror":"https://ror.org/02yd50j87","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125414"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mukil Alagirisamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics and Engineering, Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics and Engineering, Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125414"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082491697","display_name":"Varun G. Menon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3055-9900"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Varun G. Menon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SCMS School of Engineering and Technology, Ernakulam, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3055-9900","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SCMS School of Engineering and Technology, Ernakulam, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054504138","display_name":"B. Manoj Kumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Manoj Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automobile Engineering, SCMS School of Engineering and Technology, Ernakulam, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automobile Engineering, SCMS School of Engineering and Technology, Ernakulam, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029582839","display_name":"N. Z. Jhanjhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8116-4733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143550","display_name":"Taylor's University","ror":"https://ror.org/0498pcx51","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Z. Jhanjhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Taylor\u2019s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8116-4733","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Taylor\u2019s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143550"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102970006","display_name":"Vasaki Ponnusamy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9049-8345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasaki Ponnusamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9049-8345","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110722764","display_name":"P. G. Shynu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. G. Shynu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082796924","display_name":"Venki Balasubramanian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6686-4424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149672521","display_name":"Federation University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbzwv83","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149672521"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Venki Balasubramanian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anidra Tech Ventures Pvt Ltd., Wyndham Vale, Australia","School of Science, Engineering and Information Technology, Federation University, Mount Helen, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6686-4424","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anidra Tech Ventures Pvt Ltd., Wyndham Vale, Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Engineering and Information Technology, Federation University, Mount Helen, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149672521"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010863209"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125414"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.07,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92168383,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"100721","last_page":"100731"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exoskeleton","display_name":"Exoskeleton","score":0.8954678177833557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.7744817733764648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.632191002368927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.5582192540168762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.5064212083816528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rehabilitation","display_name":"Rehabilitation","score":0.4842650294303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4775453507900238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.40883582830429077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3888280987739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2527581453323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2063959538936615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-therapy","display_name":"Physical therapy","score":0.11029621958732605}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146549078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191944","display_name":"Exoskeleton","level":2,"score":0.8954678177833557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.7744817733764648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.632191002368927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.5582192540168762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.5064212083816528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819478","display_name":"Rehabilitation","level":2,"score":0.4842650294303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4775453507900238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.40883582830429077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3888280987739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2527581453323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2063959538936615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.11029621958732605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2997727","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997727","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09099875.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:vital:15298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/177515","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400234","display_name":"FedUni ResearchOnline (Federation University Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210158496","host_organization_name":"Australian Federation of University Women \u2013 South Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158496"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5146ed0b75d84e55a3ae0bcd4abbba80","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5146ed0b75d84e55a3ae0bcd4abbba80","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 100721-100731 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2997727","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2997727","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09099875.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3032184444.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3032184444.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034922363","https://openalex.org/W2109159655","https://openalex.org/W2126663592","https://openalex.org/W2150539243","https://openalex.org/W2215653643","https://openalex.org/W2467301443","https://openalex.org/W2579250442","https://openalex.org/W2586290736","https://openalex.org/W2590554196","https://openalex.org/W2604724024","https://openalex.org/W2614919192","https://openalex.org/W2623262658","https://openalex.org/W2725179852","https://openalex.org/W2769895007","https://openalex.org/W2781999526","https://openalex.org/W2807543877","https://openalex.org/W2888193448","https://openalex.org/W2891977303","https://openalex.org/W2913928250","https://openalex.org/W2973499627","https://openalex.org/W2974367370","https://openalex.org/W2976124544","https://openalex.org/W2986713830","https://openalex.org/W2988003450","https://openalex.org/W2998064894","https://openalex.org/W3098928721","https://openalex.org/W3101058664","https://openalex.org/W6772179635"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2357124094","https://openalex.org/W2387399993","https://openalex.org/W2389739210","https://openalex.org/W2348924972","https://openalex.org/W2365736347","https://openalex.org/W2047454415","https://openalex.org/W2070040999","https://openalex.org/W2901258812","https://openalex.org/W4387399830","https://openalex.org/W1994643058"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,108,120,137,173,191,204,219,229],"paralyzed":[1,82,217,245],"population":[2],"is":[3,110,151,177,197,207],"increasing":[4],"worldwide":[5],"due":[6],"to":[7,22,43,160,165,182,188],"stroke,":[8],"spinal":[9],"code":[10],"injury,":[11],"post-polio,":[12],"and":[13,26,46,61,71,90,148,242],"other":[14],"related":[15,187],"diseases.":[16],"Different":[17],"assistive":[18],"technologies":[19],"are":[20,53,129],"used":[21,130,178],"improve":[23],"the":[24,30,39,49,56,81,87,102,113,125,133,141,149,180,184,189,194],"physical":[25],"mental":[27],"health":[28],"of":[29,38,58,92,97,135,170,227],"affected":[31],"patients.":[32,246],"Exoskeletons":[33],"have":[34],"emerged":[35],"as":[36],"one":[37],"most":[40],"promising":[41],"technology":[42],"provide":[44],"movement":[45],"rehabilitation":[47,243],"for":[48,79,100,131,239,244],"paralyzed.":[50],"But":[51],"exoskeletons":[52],"limited":[54],"by":[55,115,124,199,209],"constraints":[57],"weight,":[59],"flexibility,":[60],"adaptability.":[62],"To":[63],"resolve":[64],"these":[65],"issues,":[66],"we":[67],"propose":[68],"an":[69,155,162,171,225,236],"adaptive":[70,201],"flexible":[72],"Brain":[73],"Energized":[74],"Full":[75],"Body":[76],"Exoskeleton":[77],"(BFBE)":[78],"assisting":[80,101],"people.":[83],"This":[84],"paper":[85],"describes":[86],"design,":[88],"control,":[89],"testing":[91],"BFBE":[93,233],"with":[94,154,224],"15":[95],"degrees":[96],"freedom":[98],"(DoF)":[99],"users":[103],"in":[104,145,168,179,193],"their":[105],"daily":[106],"activities.":[107],"flexibility":[109],"incorporated":[111],"into":[112],"system":[114,150,181,205,220],"a":[116],"modular":[117],"design":[118],"approach.":[119],"brain":[121],"signals":[122],"captured":[123],"Electroencephalogram":[126],"(EEG)":[127],"sensors":[128],"controlling":[132],"movements":[134,213],"BFBE.":[136],"processing":[138],"happens":[139],"at":[140],"edge,":[142],"reducing":[143],"delay":[144],"decision":[146],"making":[147],"further":[152],"integrated":[153],"IoT":[156],"module":[157],"that":[158,232],"helps":[159],"send":[161],"alert":[163],"message":[164],"multiple":[166],"caregivers":[167],"case":[169],"emergency.":[172],"potential":[174],"energy":[175],"harvesting":[176],"solve":[183],"power":[185],"issues":[186],"exoskeleton.":[190],"stability":[192],"gait":[195],"cycle":[196],"ensured":[198],"using":[200,210],"sensory":[202],"feedback.":[203],"validation":[206],"done":[208],"six":[211],"natural":[212],"on":[214],"ten":[215],"different":[216],"persons.":[218],"recognizes":[221],"human":[222],"intensions":[223],"accuracy":[226],"85%.":[228],"result":[230],"shows":[231],"can":[234],"be":[235],"efficient":[237],"method":[238],"providing":[240],"assistance":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}