{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3026688298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2996367","title":"Towards Void Hole Alleviation: Enhanced GEographic and Opportunistic Routing Protocols in Harsh Underwater WSNs","display_name":"Towards Void Hole Alleviation: Enhanced GEographic and Opportunistic Routing Protocols in Harsh Underwater WSNs","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3026688298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2996367","mag":"3026688298"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2996367","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2996367","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09097873.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09097873.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020522482","display_name":"Muhammad Awais","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7064-6796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Awais","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7064-6796","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101558712","display_name":"Ishtiaq Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0089-4094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ishtiaq Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0089-4094","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025099035","display_name":"Turki Ali Alghamdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6706-2183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Turki Ali Alghamdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6706-2183","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059496118","display_name":"Muhammad Ramzan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1770-8905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160968435","display_name":"University of Sargodha","ror":"https://ror.org/0086rpr26","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160968435"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ramzan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Systems and Technology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan","University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1770-8905","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Systems and Technology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160968435"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101667418","display_name":"Muhammad Tahir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5080-7537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099699","display_name":"University of Jeddah","ror":"https://ror.org/015ya8798","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Tahir","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering (CCSE), University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5080-7537","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering (CCSE), University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020128989","display_name":"Mariam Akbar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8019-9114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariam Akbar","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8019-9114","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055380996","display_name":"Nadeem Javaid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-8249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadeem Javaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-8249","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.6215,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94676294,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"96592","last_page":"96605"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.7848353385925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.7361841201782227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7104729413986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interior-gateway-protocol","display_name":"Interior gateway protocol","score":0.508831799030304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4994544982910156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-source-routing","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","score":0.46856147050857544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/link-state-routing-protocol","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","score":0.46264731884002686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.44450661540031433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3817470371723175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.7848353385925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.7361841201782227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7104729413986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52837422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431028","display_name":"Interior gateway protocol","level":5,"score":0.508831799030304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4994544982910156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.46856147050857544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.46264731884002686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.44450661540031433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3817470371723175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2996367","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2996367","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09097873.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9a1ae66a373f47d188825e4d23ff97f4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9a1ae66a373f47d188825e4d23ff97f4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 96592-96605 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:149807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/149807/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2996367","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2996367","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09097873.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3026688298.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3026688298.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58949250","https://openalex.org/W158274267","https://openalex.org/W1834771425","https://openalex.org/W1965878030","https://openalex.org/W1981118980","https://openalex.org/W1995113416","https://openalex.org/W2027935533","https://openalex.org/W2089373127","https://openalex.org/W2095839188","https://openalex.org/W2102291323","https://openalex.org/W2129879516","https://openalex.org/W2143248688","https://openalex.org/W2144268122","https://openalex.org/W2168778224","https://openalex.org/W2169011930","https://openalex.org/W2170388813","https://openalex.org/W2170984917","https://openalex.org/W2294734859","https://openalex.org/W2417051200","https://openalex.org/W2547965345","https://openalex.org/W2599062752","https://openalex.org/W2616778969","https://openalex.org/W2619894041","https://openalex.org/W2624076503","https://openalex.org/W2783220660","https://openalex.org/W2783316198","https://openalex.org/W2794487322","https://openalex.org/W2805339016","https://openalex.org/W2811365060","https://openalex.org/W2893412927","https://openalex.org/W2913125252","https://openalex.org/W6738947601"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2537880892","https://openalex.org/W2128816990","https://openalex.org/W2182380586","https://openalex.org/W4220786991","https://openalex.org/W2373440974","https://openalex.org/W3007557981","https://openalex.org/W3082967329","https://openalex.org/W2045659088","https://openalex.org/W3010300673","https://openalex.org/W2127462695"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Internet":[0],"of":[1,31,43,79,85,102,108,161],"Things":[2],"enabled":[3],"Underwater":[4],"Wireless":[5],"Sensor":[6],"Networks":[7],"(IoT-UWSNs)":[8],"are":[9,36,69,96,113],"quite":[10],"useful":[11],"in":[12,61,106,119],"monitoring":[13,19],"different":[14],"tasks":[15],"including:":[16],"from":[17,25],"instrument":[18],"to":[20,28,71,98],"the":[21,29,41,73,77,86,100,103,159],"climate":[22],"recording":[23],"and":[24,54,135,148],"pollution":[26],"control":[27,143],"prediction":[30],"natural":[32],"disasters.":[33],"However,":[34],"there":[35],"some":[37],"challenges,":[38],"which":[39],"affect":[40],"performance":[42],"a":[44],"network,":[45],"i.e.,":[46],"void":[47,80,162],"hole":[48,81,163],"occurrence,":[49],"high":[50],"Energy":[51,154],"Consumption":[52],"(EC)":[53],"low":[55],"Packet":[56],"Delivery":[57],"Ratio":[58],"(PDR).":[59],"Therefore,":[60],"this":[62],"work,":[63],"two":[64],"energy":[65],"efficient":[66],"routing":[67,88,117,127,137],"protocols":[68,89,112,118,128],"proposed":[70,87,104,111,126],"maximize":[72],"PDR":[74,132],"by":[75],"minimizing":[76],"ratio":[78,160],"occurrence.":[82],"Scalability":[83],"analysis":[84],"is":[90,165],"also":[91],"performed.":[92],"Additionally,":[93],"feasible":[94],"regions":[95],"computed":[97],"check":[99],"optimality":[101],"protocol":[105],"terms":[107],"EC.":[109],"Furthermore,":[110],"compared":[114],"with":[115,138],"benchmark":[116],"counterparts.":[120],"Simulation":[121],"results":[122],"clearly":[123],"show":[124],"that":[125],"achieved":[129],"80-81%":[130],"higher":[131],"than":[133],"GEographic":[134],"opportunistic":[136],"Depth":[139],"Adjustment":[140,150],"based":[141],"topology":[142],"for":[144],"communication":[145],"Recovery":[146],"(GEDAR)":[147],"Transmission":[149],"Neighbor-node":[151],"Approaching":[152],"Distinct":[153],"Efficient":[155],"Mates":[156],"(TA-NADEEM).":[157],"Moreover,":[158],"occurrence":[164],"minimized":[166],"upto":[167],"30%":[168],"approximately.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}