{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3028015951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2995820","title":"An Effective Mechanism to Mitigate Real-Time DDoS Attack","display_name":"An Effective Mechanism to Mitigate Real-Time DDoS Attack","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3028015951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2995820","mag":"3028015951"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2995820","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2995820","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09097187.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09097187.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062682627","display_name":"Rana Abu Bakar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4206-4999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012538","display_name":"University of Sahiwal","ror":"https://ror.org/02e4fn963","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012538"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79571142","display_name":"Virtual University of Pakistan","ror":"https://ror.org/00ya1zd25","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79571142"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rana Abubakar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Pakistan","Virtual University, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4206-4999","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012538"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virtual University, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79571142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067477252","display_name":"Abdulaziz Aldegheishem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3287-5357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulaziz Aldegheishem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Traffic Safety Technologies Chair, College of Architecture and Planning, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3287-5357","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Traffic Safety Technologies Chair, College of Architecture and Planning, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011339315","display_name":"Muhammad Faran Majeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9734-1191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308893265","display_name":"Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zwhz281","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308893265"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Faran Majeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Sheringal, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Sheringal, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308893265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011812470","display_name":"Amjad Mehmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3941-4617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178777954","display_name":"Kohat University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/057d2v504","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178777954"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amjad Mehmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan","WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3941-4617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178777954"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026115943","display_name":"Hafsa Maryam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3336-4057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hafsa Maryam","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3336-4057","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089697598","display_name":"Nabil Alrajeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1861-0582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nabil Ali Alrajeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1861-0582","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080175512","display_name":"Carsten Maple","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4715-212X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carsten Maple","raw_affiliation_strings":["WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4715-212X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100677729","display_name":"Muhammad Jawad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9201-1297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178777954","display_name":"Kohat University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/057d2v504","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178777954"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Jawad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9201-1297","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178777954"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062682627"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012538","https://openalex.org/I79571142"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.2084,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94365657,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"126215","last_page":"126227"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.9266123175621033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8574326038360596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5762085318565369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5651363134384155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4742428660392761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-layer-ddos-attack","display_name":"Application layer DDoS attack","score":0.4654204547405243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trinoo","display_name":"Trinoo","score":0.45023924112319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.4188675284385681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.36845916509628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3279879689216614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.3027861416339874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.9266123175621033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8574326038360596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5762085318565369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5651363134384155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4742428660392761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120865594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Application layer DDoS attack","level":4,"score":0.4654204547405243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43639116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7843050","display_name":"Trinoo","level":5,"score":0.45023924112319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.4188675284385681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36845916509628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3279879689216614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3027861416339874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2995820","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2995820","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09097187.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:03e1142cd3554852a459b0bd7b7d9888","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/03e1142cd3554852a459b0bd7b7d9888","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 126215-126227 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2995820","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2995820","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09097187.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3855435662","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N510129","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","funder_display_name":"Alan Turing Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4072067573","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N510129/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","funder_display_name":"Alan Turing Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4404536092","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/S035362/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","funder_display_name":"Alan Turing Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7282611729","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R007195/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","display_name":"Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3028015951.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3028015951.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W157259957","https://openalex.org/W792552903","https://openalex.org/W1967333513","https://openalex.org/W2001586155","https://openalex.org/W2006319822","https://openalex.org/W2029319620","https://openalex.org/W2040222007","https://openalex.org/W2082045414","https://openalex.org/W2088263074","https://openalex.org/W2095181719","https://openalex.org/W2099371660","https://openalex.org/W2099940443","https://openalex.org/W2117175761","https://openalex.org/W2117954174","https://openalex.org/W2122646361","https://openalex.org/W2126146413","https://openalex.org/W2142637660","https://openalex.org/W2183963012","https://openalex.org/W2205057266","https://openalex.org/W2413213184","https://openalex.org/W2536661541","https://openalex.org/W2559177823","https://openalex.org/W2577968487","https://openalex.org/W2588582726","https://openalex.org/W2597257102","https://openalex.org/W2604022706","https://openalex.org/W2619799366","https://openalex.org/W2625013748","https://openalex.org/W2765181145","https://openalex.org/W2768696376","https://openalex.org/W2770258819","https://openalex.org/W2774433880","https://openalex.org/W2783435484","https://openalex.org/W2795187924","https://openalex.org/W2810768461","https://openalex.org/W2912944969","https://openalex.org/W2922431468","https://openalex.org/W2923773322","https://openalex.org/W2942104252","https://openalex.org/W2980365141"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783466926","https://openalex.org/W4286539397","https://openalex.org/W1968168724","https://openalex.org/W2204131204","https://openalex.org/W2921433547","https://openalex.org/W4385302085","https://openalex.org/W2754163055","https://openalex.org/W4256682929","https://openalex.org/W4322008378","https://openalex.org/W2383770723"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Computer":[0],"networks":[1],"are":[2,16,49],"subject":[3,117],"to":[4,108,118,130,142],"an":[5,99,145],"unprecedented":[6],"number":[7],"and":[8,24,39,55,83,140,171,178],"variety":[9],"of":[10,14,19,46,72,81,87,93,175,188],"attack,":[11],"the":[12,70,79,90,113,133,150,184],"majority":[13],"which":[15],"distributed":[17],"denial":[18],"service":[20],"(DDoS).":[21],"The":[22,95,121],"nature":[23,45],"mechanisms":[25,111],"employed":[26],"in":[27,173],"these":[28],"DDoS":[29,74,119],"attacks":[30,75],"continually":[31],"change,":[32],"creating":[33],"a":[34,64,73,85],"significant":[35],"challenge":[36],"for":[37,112],"detection":[38],"management.":[40],"To":[41],"address":[42],"this":[43,60],"evolving":[44],"attacks,":[47],"approaches":[48],"required":[50],"that":[51,66,155,183],"can":[52],"effectively":[53],"detect":[54],"mitigate":[56],"emerging":[57],"attacks.":[58],"In":[59],"paper,":[61],"we":[62],"provide":[63,109],"mechanism":[65],"not":[67],"only":[68],"detects":[69],"presence":[71],"but":[76],"also":[77],"identifies":[78],"route":[80],"attack":[82],"commences":[84],"process":[86],"mitigation":[88],"at":[89],"initial":[91],"stage":[92],"identification.":[94],"proposed":[96,122],"research":[97],"involves":[98],"optimized":[100],"SVM":[101],"classification":[102],"algorithm":[103,151],"integrated":[104],"with":[105,152],"SNORT":[106],"IPS":[107,123],"prevention":[110],"entire":[114],"network":[115],"when":[116],"attack.":[120],"method":[124,190],"allows":[125],"traffic":[126,137],"identified":[127],"as":[128],"legitimate":[129],"pass":[131],"through":[132,144],"network,":[134],"whereas":[135],"suspect":[136],"is":[138,191],"flagged":[139],"has":[141],"go":[143],"identification":[146],"system.":[147],"We":[148],"present":[149],"experimental":[153],"results":[154,181],"show":[156,182],"better":[157],"performance":[158],"than":[159],"simple":[160],"Snort":[161],"IPS,":[162],"Probabilistic":[163],"Neural":[164],"Network":[165],"(PNN),":[166],"Back":[167],"Propagation":[168],"(BP),":[169],"Chi-square,":[170],"PSO-SVM":[172],"terms":[174],"accuracy,":[176],"exposure":[177],"specificity.":[179],"These":[180],"average":[185],"accuracy":[186],"rate":[187],"our":[189],"97":[192],"percent.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
