{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3025740135","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2994950","title":"Automatic Detection of Offensive Language for Urdu and Roman Urdu","display_name":"Automatic Detection of Offensive Language for Urdu and Roman Urdu","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3025740135","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2994950","mag":"3025740135"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2994950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2994950","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09094176.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09094176.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065810383","display_name":"Muhammad Pervez Akhter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-8905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Pervez Akhter","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-8905","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100680277","display_name":"Jiangbin Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5943-7379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Jiangbin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5943-7379","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034516128","display_name":"Irfan Raza Naqvi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4306-9297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irfan Raza Naqvi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4306-9297","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025341361","display_name":"Mohammed Abdelmajeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3001-1662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Abdelmajeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3001-1662","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032840064","display_name":"Muhammad Tariq Sadiq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7410-5951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Tariq Sadiq","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7410-5951","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":8.9959,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":109,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98311413,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"91213","last_page":"91226"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13959","display_name":"Swearing, Euphemism, Multilingualism","score":0.9531999826431274,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urdu","display_name":"Urdu","score":0.9781550168991089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offensive","display_name":"Offensive","score":0.7942973971366882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7855236530303955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scripting-language","display_name":"Scripting language","score":0.7837371826171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6557528972625732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6381321549415588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hindi","display_name":"Hindi","score":0.610500156879425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/devanagari","display_name":"Devanagari","score":0.4366445541381836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.41161268949508667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.2929248809814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10591781139373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.10219109058380127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09013259410858154}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777350258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617","display_name":"Urdu","level":2,"score":0.9781550168991089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176856949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001676","display_name":"Offensive","level":2,"score":0.7942973971366882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7855236530303955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.7837371826171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6557528972625732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6381321549415588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519982507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568","display_name":"Hindi","level":2,"score":0.610500156879425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780144916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38592","display_name":"Devanagari","level":4,"score":0.4366445541381836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41161268949508667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.2929248809814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10591781139373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.10219109058380127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09013259410858154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2994950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2994950","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09094176.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:099029b801e5421e8ffa3c86df39016b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/099029b801e5421e8ffa3c86df39016b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 91213-91226 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2994950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2994950","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09094176.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5875277801","display_name":"\u590d\u6742\u573a\u666f\u5fae\u5c0f\u4eba\u8138\u68c0\u6d4b\u4e0e\u6bd4\u5bf9\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61972321","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3025740135.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3025740135.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W791836620","https://openalex.org/W1237562695","https://openalex.org/W1527758775","https://openalex.org/W1871142974","https://openalex.org/W2007148919","https://openalex.org/W2044173330","https://openalex.org/W2082610780","https://openalex.org/W2129176157","https://openalex.org/W2133990480","https://openalex.org/W2160685721","https://openalex.org/W2181854537","https://openalex.org/W2203890649","https://openalex.org/W2311430799","https://openalex.org/W2337042094","https://openalex.org/W2409439155","https://openalex.org/W2513138008","https://openalex.org/W2612186323","https://openalex.org/W2792441346","https://openalex.org/W2792670840","https://openalex.org/W2806420696","https://openalex.org/W2808869054","https://openalex.org/W2811056307","https://openalex.org/W2851904645","https://openalex.org/W2889171966","https://openalex.org/W2891636837","https://openalex.org/W2899069249","https://openalex.org/W2901224794","https://openalex.org/W2901236145","https://openalex.org/W2902248801","https://openalex.org/W2951592338","https://openalex.org/W2953692061","https://openalex.org/W2954691966","https://openalex.org/W2962977603","https://openalex.org/W2963481894","https://openalex.org/W2966292608","https://openalex.org/W2969026449","https://openalex.org/W3008993296","https://openalex.org/W3030332779","https://openalex.org/W4360886147","https://openalex.org/W6622797134","https://openalex.org/W6628176212","https://openalex.org/W6631705537","https://openalex.org/W6703510258","https://openalex.org/W6764175896","https://openalex.org/W6766947037"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389314513","https://openalex.org/W2944879038","https://openalex.org/W2537815105","https://openalex.org/W4320076915","https://openalex.org/W4213327667","https://openalex.org/W4377083421","https://openalex.org/W4226317949","https://openalex.org/W4365515026","https://openalex.org/W2494492572","https://openalex.org/W3160173311"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"unethical":[3],"behavior":[4],"in":[5,31,100,127],"the":[6,50,68,78,83,97,105,117,123,134,184,195,201,211],"cyber-environment":[7],"has":[8,52],"been":[9],"revealed.":[10],"The":[11,34,74],"presence":[12],"of":[13,23,36,49,66,108,119,138,220],"offensive":[14,120,136,171],"language":[15,25,38,70,80,88,121,130,172],"on":[16,54,71,222,235],"social":[17,72,144],"media":[18],"platforms":[19],"and":[20,61,91,149,158,176,204,208,214,217,225],"automatic":[21],"detection":[22,118],"such":[24],"is":[26,115,232],"becoming":[27],"a":[28,128],"major":[29],"challenge":[30],"modern":[32],"society.":[33],"complexity":[35],"natural":[37],"constructs":[39],"makes":[40],"this":[41],"task":[42],"even":[43],"more":[44],"challenging.":[45],"Until":[46],"now,":[47],"most":[48],"research":[51],"focused":[53],"resource-rich":[55],"languages":[56,93,110],"like":[57],"English.":[58],"Roman":[59,75,106,177,223],"Urdu":[60,62,69,84,87,90,139,175,178,196,224,226],"are":[63,94,111],"two":[64],"scripts":[65,107],"writing":[67,102],"media.":[73,145],"script":[76,85,103],"uses":[77,86],"English":[79],"characters":[81],"while":[82],"characters.":[89],"Hindi":[92],"similar":[95],"with":[96],"only":[98],"difference":[99],"their":[101],"but":[104],"both":[109,174],"similar.":[112],"This":[113],"study":[114],"about":[116],"from":[122,143,164,173],"user's":[124],"comments":[125,142],"presented":[126],"resource-poor":[129],"Urdu.":[131],"We":[132,146,160],"propose":[133],"first":[135],"dataset":[137,231],"containing":[140],"user-generated":[141],"use":[147],"individual":[148],"combined":[150],"n-grams":[151,189],"techniques":[152,168],"to":[153,169,193],"extract":[154],"features":[155],"at":[156],"character-level":[157],"word-level.":[159],"apply":[161],"seventeen":[162],"classifiers":[163],"seven":[165],"machine":[166],"learning":[167],"detect":[170],"text":[179],"comments.":[180],"Experiments":[181],"show":[182,190],"that":[183],"regression-based":[185],"models":[186,213],"using":[187],"character":[188,205],"superior":[191],"performance":[192],"process":[194],"language.":[197],"Character-level":[198],"tri-gram":[199],"outperforms":[200],"other":[202,212],"word":[203],"n-grams.":[206],"LogitBoost":[207],"SimpleLogistic":[209],"outperform":[210],"achieve":[215],"99.2%":[216],"95.9%":[218],"values":[219],"F-measure":[221],"datasets":[227],"respectively.":[228],"Our":[229],"designed":[230],"publically":[233],"available":[234],"GitHub":[236],"for":[237],"future":[238],"research.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
