{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3025159425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2994597","title":"An Approach to Global Illumination Calculation Based on Hybrid Cone Tracing","display_name":"An Approach to Global Illumination Calculation Based on Hybrid Cone Tracing","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3025159425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2994597","mag":"3025159425"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2994597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2994597","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09093873.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09093873.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045185482","display_name":"Tao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1194-3253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134540","display_name":"China Ocean Shipping (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/044gm0487","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134540"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96733725","display_name":"Shanghai Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/04z7qrj66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Transport and Communications, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China","Hubei Key Laboratory of Inland Shipping Technology, Wuhan, China","School of Data Science and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1194-3253","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Transport and Communications, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Inland Shipping Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134540"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data Science and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109356009","display_name":"Jin Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-1059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100221","display_name":"China Waterborne Transport Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/013kb0k13","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100221"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Waterborne Transport Research Institute, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Waterborne Transport Research Institute, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100221"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085936083","display_name":"Zhengling Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8315-0631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44675526","display_name":"Shanghai Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/04n40zv07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengling Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06681864,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"92061","last_page":"92071"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7966018319129944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polygon-mesh","display_name":"Polygon mesh","score":0.7838398218154907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ray-tracing","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","score":0.7299196720123291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-illumination","display_name":"Global illumination","score":0.675153911113739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.6225420236587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.6221681833267212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.5232376456260681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5228151082992554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-tracing","display_name":"Path tracing","score":0.5025200843811035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.4632692337036133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.4303748309612274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42806318402290344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-tracing","display_name":"Beam tracing","score":0.4117429554462433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.38114917278289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.37588590383529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-ray-tracing","display_name":"Distributed ray tracing","score":0.3175293803215027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7966018319129944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31487907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154597","display_name":"Polygon mesh","level":2,"score":0.7838398218154907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121483023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7298343","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.7299196720123291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89720835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1531701","display_name":"Global illumination","level":3,"score":0.675153911113739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.6225420236587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.6221681833267212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.5232376456260681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5228151082992554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110541219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72948","display_name":"Path tracing","level":3,"score":0.5025200843811035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4632692337036133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.4303748309612274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42806318402290344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124692087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876194","display_name":"Beam tracing","level":4,"score":0.4117429554462433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.38114917278289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.37588590383529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82744980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q951513","display_name":"Distributed ray tracing","level":3,"score":0.3175293803215027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2994597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2994597","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09093873.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:98eee589e64e49e3a704662b7adefe6f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/98eee589e64e49e3a704662b7adefe6f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 92061-92071 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2994597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2994597","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09093873.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2134574398","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K2019-14","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322701","funder_display_name":"Tianjin University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2224478055","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61702147","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2560640693","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NHHY2019001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326942","funder_display_name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Inland Shipping Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6241468661","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61602426","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6586994350","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017M621932","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6876831323","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u62d3\u6251\u53d8\u6362\u7684\u4e09\u7ef4\u6a21\u578b\u9020\u578b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61672473","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7487546037","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K2019-14","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326922","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Engines"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322701","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326922","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Engines","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326942","display_name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Inland Shipping Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3025159425.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3025159425.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16879164","https://openalex.org/W1971126479","https://openalex.org/W1987212881","https://openalex.org/W2006502673","https://openalex.org/W2008693968","https://openalex.org/W2022552637","https://openalex.org/W2029704386","https://openalex.org/W2058282219","https://openalex.org/W2069476376","https://openalex.org/W2095483519","https://openalex.org/W2119588908","https://openalex.org/W2122572959","https://openalex.org/W2134716368","https://openalex.org/W2155349069","https://openalex.org/W2164652867","https://openalex.org/W2265855762","https://openalex.org/W2294159033","https://openalex.org/W2296032317","https://openalex.org/W2554510025","https://openalex.org/W2731574721","https://openalex.org/W2737368828","https://openalex.org/W2808053077","https://openalex.org/W2912424718","https://openalex.org/W2970625583","https://openalex.org/W2998555201","https://openalex.org/W3137283246","https://openalex.org/W4245933748","https://openalex.org/W6679906229","https://openalex.org/W6767455966"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4242687015","https://openalex.org/W655645366","https://openalex.org/W4210830369","https://openalex.org/W1513303533","https://openalex.org/W1989178489","https://openalex.org/W1980536927","https://openalex.org/W4391004841","https://openalex.org/W2173197174","https://openalex.org/W2139860995","https://openalex.org/W4308974340"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"3D":[1,108,208],"geographic":[2],"information":[3,160],"systems":[4],"(GIS)":[5],"or":[6,69],"video":[7],"game":[8],"systems,":[9],"global":[10],"illumination":[11],"(GI)":[12],"effect":[13,34,97],"can":[14,214],"greatly":[15],"improve":[16],"the":[17,20,24,30,50,67,73,95,99,107,121,125,141,153,157,170,178,190,196,200,207],"understanding":[18],"of":[19,27,57,72,98,124,202],"volumetric":[21],"structure":[22],"and":[23,117,130,174,181],"spatial":[25],"relationships":[26],"objects":[28],"in":[29,103,221],"scene.":[31,75],"However,":[32],"GI":[33,81,96],"is":[35,110,137,150],"computationally":[36],"expensive.":[37],"It":[38],"requires":[39],"not":[40],"only":[41],"complex":[42,115],"visibility":[43],"computations":[44,61],"between":[45],"arbitrary":[46],"points":[47],"but":[48],"also":[49],"integration":[51],"computation":[52],"over":[53],"a":[54,79,86,145],"large":[55],"number":[56],"directions.":[58],"These":[59],"two":[60,113,126],"become":[62],"extremely":[63],"difficult":[64],"tasks":[65],"for":[66,161],"real-time":[68],"interactive":[70],"algorithms":[71],"dynamic":[74],"This":[76],"paper":[77],"proposes":[78],"lightweight":[80],"calculation":[82,142],"approach":[83],"built":[84],"upon":[85],"hybrid":[87,146,191],"cone":[88,147],"tracing":[89,148,185],"algorithm":[90],"with":[91,206],"which":[92],"to":[93,139,155,219],"approximate":[94],"open":[100],"world":[101],"scene":[102,109],"real":[104],"time.":[105],"First,":[106],"divided":[111],"into":[112],"types:":[114],"meshes":[116,127],"height-field":[118],"meshes.":[119],"Second,":[120],"corresponding":[122],"lightmaps":[123],"are":[128,187],"generated":[129],"mipmaped,":[131],"respectively.":[132],"GPU":[133,154],"hardware":[134],"acceleration":[135],"technology":[136],"used":[138],"do":[140],"efficiently.":[143],"Finally,":[144],"method":[149,166],"performed":[151],"on":[152,189],"gather":[156],"indirect":[158],"lighting":[159],"each":[162],"shaded":[163],"point.":[164],"The":[165],"first":[167],"carries":[168,176],"out":[169,177],"cone-scene":[171],"intersection":[172],"test":[173],"then":[175],"light":[179],"sampling":[180],"accumulation":[182],"calculation.":[183],"All":[184],"calculations":[186],"based":[188],"lightmap":[192],"representation.":[193],"In":[194],"addition,":[195],"experiment":[197],"results":[198],"show":[199],"effectiveness":[201],"our":[203,222],"method.":[204],"Compared":[205],"texture":[209],"VCT":[210],"method,":[211],"memory":[212],"consumption":[213],"be":[215],"reduced":[216],"by":[217],"up":[218],"80%":[220],"experiment.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}