{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3021804235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2993363","title":"Investigating Messaging Protocols for the Internet of Things (IoT)","display_name":"Investigating Messaging Protocols for the Internet of Things (IoT)","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3021804235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2993363","mag":"3021804235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2993363","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2993363","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09090208.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09090208.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071801237","display_name":"Eyhab Al\u2010Masri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5163-6792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150356","display_name":"University of Washington Tacoma","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8t2628","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eyhab Al-Masri","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5163-6792","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031085927","display_name":"Karan Raj Kalyanam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150356","display_name":"University of Washington Tacoma","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8t2628","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karan Raj Kalyanam","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082765767","display_name":"John Batts","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150356","display_name":"University of Washington Tacoma","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8t2628","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Batts","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008587611","display_name":"Jonathan Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7926-6834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150356","display_name":"University of Washington Tacoma","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8t2628","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032571563","display_name":"Sharanjit Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1142-2589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150356","display_name":"University of Washington Tacoma","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8t2628","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharanjit Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024642334","display_name":"Tammy Vo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150356","display_name":"University of Washington Tacoma","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8t2628","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tammy Vo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060970495","display_name":"Charlotte Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150356","display_name":"University of Washington Tacoma","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8t2628","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charlotte Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150356"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":15.1688,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":219,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99242819,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"94880","last_page":"94911"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8465859889984131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.8258000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interconnectivity","display_name":"Interconnectivity","score":0.5444977283477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5257052779197693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.48461803793907166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4739491939544678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mqtt","display_name":"MQTT","score":0.4615028500556946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-protocol","display_name":"Communications protocol","score":0.45896199345588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4331914782524109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.4283447861671448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3102303445339203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.26949962973594666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.11975967884063721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.07779252529144287}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8465859889984131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.8258000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25516864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665949","display_name":"Interconnectivity","level":2,"score":0.5444977283477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5257052779197693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.48461803793907166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4739491939544678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132868160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10322548","display_name":"MQTT","level":3,"score":0.4615028500556946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.45896199345588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4331914782524109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.4283447861671448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3102303445339203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.26949962973594666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.11975967884063721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.07779252529144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2993363","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2993363","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09090208.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.tacoma.uw.edu:tech_pub-1414","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9090208","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400628","display_name":"University of Washington Tacoma Digital Commons (University of Washington Tacoma)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210150356","host_organization_name":"University of Washington Tacoma","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150356"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"School of Engineering and Technology Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7bdf0414a6af4ec6a22303204b62324a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7bdf0414a6af4ec6a22303204b62324a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 94880-94911 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2993363","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2993363","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09090208.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3021804235.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3021804235.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W163369389","https://openalex.org/W186063047","https://openalex.org/W356677340","https://openalex.org/W1507518263","https://openalex.org/W1936977117","https://openalex.org/W1973906278","https://openalex.org/W2017866470","https://openalex.org/W2019190697","https://openalex.org/W2031850392","https://openalex.org/W2041757462","https://openalex.org/W2043840961","https://openalex.org/W2095327350","https://openalex.org/W2096356985","https://openalex.org/W2096974968","https://openalex.org/W2101609731","https://openalex.org/W2111619626","https://openalex.org/W2129135597","https://openalex.org/W2130630988","https://openalex.org/W2134295053","https://openalex.org/W2146861742","https://openalex.org/W2147982144","https://openalex.org/W2170780561","https://openalex.org/W2273937533","https://openalex.org/W2294951825","https://openalex.org/W2311411768","https://openalex.org/W2528081911","https://openalex.org/W2528094851","https://openalex.org/W2541556211","https://openalex.org/W2605982431","https://openalex.org/W2610609424","https://openalex.org/W2624494872","https://openalex.org/W2660197921","https://openalex.org/W2735555463","https://openalex.org/W2765386572","https://openalex.org/W2767039516","https://openalex.org/W2795655063","https://openalex.org/W2800847333","https://openalex.org/W2809902332","https://openalex.org/W2811254071","https://openalex.org/W2892964188","https://openalex.org/W2906635859","https://openalex.org/W2913756470","https://openalex.org/W2932317951","https://openalex.org/W2934726063","https://openalex.org/W2970181572","https://openalex.org/W2990608025","https://openalex.org/W2993922310","https://openalex.org/W2999686422","https://openalex.org/W3123330558","https://openalex.org/W3140136943","https://openalex.org/W4230622395","https://openalex.org/W4254089616","https://openalex.org/W6624503512","https://openalex.org/W6681702294"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2769489861","https://openalex.org/W4388501054","https://openalex.org/W2802923594","https://openalex.org/W3172228157","https://openalex.org/W3183163329","https://openalex.org/W2610609424","https://openalex.org/W3211572296","https://openalex.org/W3096163214","https://openalex.org/W4321463302","https://openalex.org/W4285502555"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0,74],"the":[1,10,120,130,149,165,182,208],"number":[2],"of":[3,5,14,43,122,153,164,188,203,210],"Internet":[4],"Things":[6],"(IoT)":[7],"devices":[8,49],"proliferates,":[9],"magnitude":[11],"and":[12,32,55,65,93,151,186,201],"velocity":[13],"data":[15,31,115],"continues":[16],"to":[17],"increase":[18],"rapidly.":[19],"IoT":[20,30,48,82,114,117,126,154,175,193],"systems":[21,83,118,127],"rely":[22],"primarily":[23],"on":[24],"using":[25,189],"messaging":[26,44,67,87,105,139,167,205],"protocols":[27,36,88,106,140,168,206],"for":[28,89,112],"exchanging":[29,113],"there":[33],"exists":[34],"several":[35,104],"or":[37,107],"frameworks":[38,108],"that":[39,47,81,109,125,169],"support":[40],"distinct":[41],"types":[42],"patterns.":[45,97],"Given":[46,124],"typically":[50],"have":[51],"limited":[52],"computational":[53],"resources":[54],"processing":[56],"power,":[57],"choosing":[58],"a":[59,70,75,161],"lightweight,":[60],"reliable,":[61],"scalable,":[62],"interoperable,":[63],"extensible":[64],"secure":[66],"protocol":[68],"becomes":[69],"very":[71],"challenging":[72],"task.":[73],"result,":[76],"it":[77],"is":[78],"not":[79],"uncommon":[80],"may":[84],"employ":[85],"multiple":[86],"supporting":[90],"device":[91],"heterogeneity":[92],"different":[94],"message":[95],"exchange":[96],"In":[98,156,195],"addition,":[99,196],"basic":[100],"similarities":[101],"among":[102,132,137],"existing":[103,138,166],"exist":[110],"today":[111],"within":[116],"suggest":[119],"potential":[121],"interoperability.":[123],"help":[128],"facilitate":[129],"interconnectivity":[131],"distributed,":[133],"heterogeneous":[134],"entities,":[135],"interoperability":[136],"will":[141],"play":[142],"an":[143],"increasingly":[144],"important":[145],"role":[146],"in":[147,173,207],"simplifying":[148],"development":[150],"deployment":[152],"systems.":[155,176],"this":[157,178],"paper,":[158,179],"we":[159,180,197],"present":[160],"comprehensive":[162],"review":[163],"can":[170],"be":[171],"used":[172],"deploying":[174],"Throughout":[177],"highlight":[181,198],"protocols'":[183],"distinctive":[184],"approaches":[185],"applicability":[187],"them":[190],"across":[191],"various":[192],"environments.":[194],"challenges,":[199],"strengths":[200],"weaknesses":[202],"these":[204],"context":[209],"IoT.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
