{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3021465418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2993062","title":"Secure and Anonymous Communications Over Delay Tolerant Networks","display_name":"Secure and Anonymous Communications Over Delay Tolerant Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3021465418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2993062","mag":"3021465418"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2993062","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2993062","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09089287.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09089287.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058242659","display_name":"Spiridon Bakiras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8964-0746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Spiridon Bakiras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8964-0746","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023648451","display_name":"Erald Troja","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142823887","display_name":"St. John's University","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgtad15","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142823887"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erald Troja","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Professional Studies, St. John\u2019s University, Queens, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Professional Studies, St. John\u2019s University, Queens, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142823887"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101619632","display_name":"Xiaohua Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7770-803X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172980758","display_name":"Kennesaw State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jeqjx33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohua Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Software Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Software Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023503599","display_name":"Juliano Fischer Naves","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096682","display_name":"Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Rond\u00f4nia","ror":"https://ror.org/00axehm46","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293487690","https://openalex.org/I2801200668","https://openalex.org/I4210096682"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juliano Fischer Naves","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal Institute of Rond\u00f4nia, Vilhena, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal Institute of Rond\u00f4nia, Vilhena, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096682"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0819,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78878797,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"88158","last_page":"88169"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8582979440689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.6903409957885742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6095291376113892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5522003769874573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptosystem","display_name":"Cryptosystem","score":0.5451338887214661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5122177004814148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.5028666853904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.49564993381500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4878523349761963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.4754999577999115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4736712574958801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4284304976463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.4103281795978546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.339491605758667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8582979440689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.6903409957885742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6095291376113892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5522003769874573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6295992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q976521","display_name":"Cryptosystem","level":3,"score":0.5451338887214661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5122177004814148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.5028666853904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.49564993381500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4878523349761963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.4754999577999115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4736712574958801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4284304976463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.4103281795978546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.339491605758667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2993062","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2993062","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09089287.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a471fa6eb15e4266aa02ed23fba11b8f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a471fa6eb15e4266aa02ed23fba11b8f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 88158-88169 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/27037282","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Secure_and_Anonymous_Communications_Over_Delay_Tolerant_Networks/27037282","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2993062","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2993062","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09089287.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3021465418.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3021465418.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534388293","https://openalex.org/W1561062765","https://openalex.org/W1569083856","https://openalex.org/W1660562555","https://openalex.org/W1880384800","https://openalex.org/W1970067670","https://openalex.org/W1980690490","https://openalex.org/W1989580900","https://openalex.org/W2010634640","https://openalex.org/W2021497904","https://openalex.org/W2046114533","https://openalex.org/W2103647628","https://openalex.org/W2108072891","https://openalex.org/W2108834246","https://openalex.org/W2111586182","https://openalex.org/W2112316694","https://openalex.org/W2129849999","https://openalex.org/W2139689599","https://openalex.org/W2140881359","https://openalex.org/W2141420453","https://openalex.org/W2143215034","https://openalex.org/W2143671749","https://openalex.org/W2144350709","https://openalex.org/W2145964906","https://openalex.org/W2150248082","https://openalex.org/W2151978156","https://openalex.org/W2168812739","https://openalex.org/W2170387980","https://openalex.org/W2401976587","https://openalex.org/W2509730577","https://openalex.org/W2741010960","https://openalex.org/W2769075201","https://openalex.org/W2783440781","https://openalex.org/W2889593258","https://openalex.org/W2933438177","https://openalex.org/W4234068324","https://openalex.org/W4237279298","https://openalex.org/W4242656826","https://openalex.org/W6634010886","https://openalex.org/W6642497889","https://openalex.org/W6745689421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2029021368","https://openalex.org/W4232705780","https://openalex.org/W2965484163","https://openalex.org/W2512006651","https://openalex.org/W2414747139","https://openalex.org/W2096221836","https://openalex.org/W1802397081","https://openalex.org/W2086770216","https://openalex.org/W2100244348","https://openalex.org/W807354026"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Today's":[0],"society":[1],"has":[2],"a":[3,80,93,153],"fundamental":[4,32],"need":[5],"for":[6,30,126,145],"security":[7],"and":[8,21,36,141,160,164],"anonymity.":[9],"Well":[10],"suited,":[11],"real-life":[12],"scenarios":[13],"such":[14,31,171],"as":[15,172],"whistleblower":[16],"reports,":[17],"intelligence":[18],"service":[19],"operations,":[20],"the":[22,42,48,65,104,108,115,118,128,199],"ability":[23],"to":[24,73,90],"communicate":[25],"within":[26],"oppressive":[27],"governments,":[28],"call":[29],"needs.":[33],"The":[34,131,149],"contribution":[35],"focus":[37],"of":[38,44,50,117],"this":[39],"paper":[40],"is":[41,71,134,152,165],"study":[43],"anonymous":[45,185],"communications":[46],"in":[47],"context":[49],"Delay":[51],"Tolerant":[52],"Networks":[53],"(DTNs).":[54],"Current":[55],"literature":[56],"achieves":[57,188],"anonymity":[58,116],"via":[59,92],"mechanisms":[60],"that":[61,85,156,182],"are":[62],"built":[63],"around":[64],"onion":[66],"routing":[67,186],"paradigm":[68],"which,":[69],"unfortunately,":[70],"vulnerable":[72],"malicious":[74],"nodes.":[75],"Instead,":[76],"our":[77,99,183],"work":[78],"introduces":[79],"novel":[81],"message":[82,190],"forwarding":[83],"algorithm":[84],"delivers":[86],"messages,":[87,170],"from":[88],"source":[89],"destination,":[91],"random":[94],"walk":[95],"process.":[96],"As":[97],"such,":[98],"protocol":[100,187],"does":[101],"not":[102],"list":[103],"intermediate":[105],"nodes":[106],"along":[107],"route's":[109],"path":[110],"and,":[111],"therefore,":[112],"enhances":[113],"significantly":[114],"underlying":[119],"communications.":[120],"We":[121],"propose":[122],"two":[123],"different":[124],"approaches":[125],"encrypting":[127],"exchanged":[129],"messages.":[130],"first":[132],"one":[133,151],"based":[135],"solely":[136],"on":[137,198],"public":[138,159],"key":[139,162],"cryptosystems":[140],"is,":[142],"thus,":[143],"suitable":[144],"short,":[146],"SMS-style":[147],"messaging.":[148],"second":[150],"hybrid":[154],"solution":[155],"combines":[157],"both":[158],"symmetric":[161],"cryptography":[163],"targeted":[166],"towards":[167],"large":[168],"multimedia":[169],"images":[173],"or":[174],"video.":[175],"Through":[176],"extensive":[177],"simulation":[178],"experiments,":[179],"we":[180],"show":[181],"proposed":[184],"high":[189],"delivery":[191],"rates,":[192],"while":[193],"using":[194],"modest":[195],"computational":[196],"resources":[197],"mobile":[200],"devices.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
