{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3005018711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2992536","title":"Noticeability Versus Impact in Traffic Signal Tampering","display_name":"Noticeability Versus Impact in Traffic Signal Tampering","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3005018711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2992536","mag":"3005018711"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2992536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2992536","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09086475.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09086475.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083290214","display_name":"Bilal Thonnam Thodi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3927-4856"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bilal Thonnam Thodi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tandon School of Engineering, NYU, Brooklyn, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tandon School of Engineering, NYU, Brooklyn, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026672667","display_name":"Timothy Mulumba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0603-4810"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy Mulumba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tandon School of Engineering, NYU, Brooklyn, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tandon School of Engineering, NYU, Brooklyn, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061466757","display_name":"Saif Eddin Jabari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2314-5312"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120250893","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120250893","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saif Eddin Jabari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Engineering, New York University at Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","Tandon School of Engineering, NYU, Brooklyn, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2314-5312","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Engineering, New York University at Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tandon School of Engineering, NYU, Brooklyn, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.7079,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6668132,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"86149","last_page":"86161"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7025838494300842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pareto-principle","display_name":"Pareto principle","score":0.5514703989028931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-network","display_name":"Flow network","score":0.5329517126083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5214992165565491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-generation-model","display_name":"Traffic generation model","score":0.4813828766345978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.44159752130508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-programming","display_name":"Linear programming","score":0.4353019893169403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.2858545184135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.16179949045181274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1533201038837433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13004738092422485}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7025838494300842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137635306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182667","display_name":"Pareto principle","level":2,"score":0.5514703989028931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114809511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412924","display_name":"Flow network","level":2,"score":0.5329517126083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5214992165565491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176715033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080768","display_name":"Traffic generation model","level":2,"score":0.4813828766345978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.44159752130508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.4353019893169403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2858545184135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.16179949045181274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1533201038837433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13004738092422485}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2992536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2992536","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09086475.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2002.03119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.03119","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.03119","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b77d3fa2f2ea4ebfba256f36870b3a6f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b77d3fa2f2ea4ebfba256f36870b3a6f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 86149-86161 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2992536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2992536","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09086475.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1350433100","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CG001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323915","funder_display_name":"Swiss Re"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3288531224","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CG001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330069","funder_display_name":"Tamkeen"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8833531855","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CG001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313203","funder_display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313203","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319918","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323915","display_name":"Swiss Re","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330069","display_name":"Tamkeen","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3005018711.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3005018711.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W611387317","https://openalex.org/W1631643809","https://openalex.org/W1965291039","https://openalex.org/W1978090048","https://openalex.org/W1990702145","https://openalex.org/W2002162915","https://openalex.org/W2032549372","https://openalex.org/W2035144082","https://openalex.org/W2037141248","https://openalex.org/W2050106429","https://openalex.org/W2080914666","https://openalex.org/W2082946389","https://openalex.org/W2084990336","https://openalex.org/W2094191377","https://openalex.org/W2120646221","https://openalex.org/W2123994222","https://openalex.org/W2131220052","https://openalex.org/W2155655560","https://openalex.org/W2198098822","https://openalex.org/W2336259629","https://openalex.org/W2397839144","https://openalex.org/W2429570132","https://openalex.org/W2466785641","https://openalex.org/W2556903150","https://openalex.org/W2596026041","https://openalex.org/W2747175208","https://openalex.org/W2793580536","https://openalex.org/W2806611623","https://openalex.org/W2809193237","https://openalex.org/W2898408273","https://openalex.org/W2911580604","https://openalex.org/W2921190328","https://openalex.org/W2954188739","https://openalex.org/W2962991181","https://openalex.org/W2964471520","https://openalex.org/W2971289541","https://openalex.org/W2980475696","https://openalex.org/W2990320052","https://openalex.org/W2999051423","https://openalex.org/W3015192375","https://openalex.org/W4213060235","https://openalex.org/W4240043465","https://openalex.org/W6679536036","https://openalex.org/W6734421208","https://openalex.org/W6773108971","https://openalex.org/W6775854223"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2095999892","https://openalex.org/W1993870076","https://openalex.org/W2477876258","https://openalex.org/W2018764758","https://openalex.org/W2383689843","https://openalex.org/W1550668881","https://openalex.org/W617913288","https://openalex.org/W2479510122","https://openalex.org/W937990293","https://openalex.org/W4249359625"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,65],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,33,51,70,100,111,120,123,129,139,148,157,169],"vulnerability":[4,117,158],"of":[5,122,141,159,168],"urban":[6],"traffic":[7,13,17,53,108,161],"networks":[8],"to":[9,28,43,68,74,86,137,163],"cyber":[10],"attacks":[11],"on":[12,61],"lights.":[14],"We":[15,49,92,114],"model":[16],"signal":[18,45,101,164],"tampering":[19,165],"as":[20,55],"a":[21,56,62,75,160],"bi-objective":[22,130],"optimization":[23],"problem":[24,60,73],"that":[25,94,143,156],"simultaneously":[26],"seeks":[27],"reduce":[29,69],"vehicular":[30],"throughput":[31],"in":[32,99],"network":[34,44,58,89,112,116,162],"over":[35,103],"time":[36,104],"(maximize":[37],"impact)":[38],"while":[39],"introducing":[40],"minimal":[41],"changes":[42],"timings":[46,102],"(minimize":[47],"noticeability).":[48],"represent":[50],"Spatio-temporal":[52],"dynamics":[54],"static":[57],"flow":[59],"time-expanded":[63],"graph.":[64],"allows":[66],"us":[67],"(non-convex)":[71],"attack":[72,131],"tractable":[76],"form,":[77],"which":[78],"can":[79,105,144],"be":[80,145],"solved":[81],"using":[82],"traditional":[83],"techniques":[84],"used":[85],"solve":[87],"linear":[88],"programming":[90],"problems.":[91],"show":[93],"minor":[95],"but":[96],"objective":[97],"adjustments":[98],"severely":[106],"impact":[107],"conditions":[109],"at":[110],"level.":[113],"investigate":[115],"by":[118,127],"examining":[119],"concavity":[121],"Pareto-optimal":[124,149],"frontier":[125],"obtained":[126],"solving":[128],"problem.":[132],"Numerical":[133],"experiments":[134,154],"are":[135],"carried":[136],"illustrate":[138],"types":[140],"insights":[142],"extracted":[146],"from":[147],"frontier.":[150],"For":[151],"instance,":[152],"our":[153],"suggest":[155],"is":[166],"independent":[167],"demand":[170],"levels.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
