{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3021365829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2992119","title":"SCER Spoofing Attacks on the Galileo Open Service and Machine Learning Techniques for End-User Protection","display_name":"SCER Spoofing Attacks on the Galileo Open Service and Machine Learning Techniques for End-User Protection","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3021365829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2992119","mag":"3021365829"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2992119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2992119","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09085417.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09085417.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052800031","display_name":"Francisco Gallardo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4618-5309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Gallardo","raw_affiliation_strings":["DLR GfR mbH, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4618-5309","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DLR GfR mbH, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026757304","display_name":"Antonio P\u00e9rez Yuste","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3503-5065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Perez Yuste","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3503-5065","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052800031"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":32.5797,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99287434,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"85515","last_page":"85532"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9294999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10654","display_name":"Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections","score":0.9052000045776367,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.8402697443962097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.816556453704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.774886429309845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galileo","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","score":0.694304883480072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.579785943031311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.547232985496521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.5411495566368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replay-attack","display_name":"Replay attack","score":0.5298932194709778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4622257947921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.4475996494293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.44352251291275024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.36976367235183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3274538218975067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17750918865203857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.09269186854362488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.07768449187278748}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.8402697443962097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.816556453704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.774886429309845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177219330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193902","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","level":2,"score":0.694304883480072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.579785943031311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.547232985496521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.5411495566368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11560541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756025","display_name":"Replay attack","level":3,"score":0.5298932194709778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4622257947921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.4475996494293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.44352251291275024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.36976367235183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3274538218975067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17750918865203857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.09269186854362488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.07768449187278748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2992119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2992119","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09085417.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f738381515b944eab66c4206196df6e0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f738381515b944eab66c4206196df6e0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 85515-85532 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2992119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2992119","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09085417.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3021365829.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3021365829.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1607626080","https://openalex.org/W2005801175","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2106014989","https://openalex.org/W2144136361","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2512446541","https://openalex.org/W2566510693","https://openalex.org/W2579383323","https://openalex.org/W2743265561","https://openalex.org/W2765906326","https://openalex.org/W2771980845","https://openalex.org/W2774684256","https://openalex.org/W2807313035","https://openalex.org/W2979867695","https://openalex.org/W3154065323","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6731781941","https://openalex.org/W6793452293"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3007059209","https://openalex.org/W4220832730","https://openalex.org/W4313224733","https://openalex.org/W4312120756","https://openalex.org/W1688416049","https://openalex.org/W4288120931","https://openalex.org/W2972017669","https://openalex.org/W3005888540","https://openalex.org/W2783658022","https://openalex.org/W3202725554"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spoofing":[0],"attacks":[1,29,91,117,150],"pose":[2],"a":[3,121,161],"clear":[4],"cybersecurity":[5],"risk":[6],"for":[7,17,44,96,100,131,141],"all":[8],"systems":[9],"relying":[10],"on":[11,154],"Global":[12],"Navigation":[13,50],"Satellite":[14],"Systems":[15],"(GNSS)":[16],"time":[18],"synchronization":[19],"or":[20,54],"positioning.":[21],"Secure":[22],"Code":[23,56],"Estimation":[24],"and":[25,120,126,160],"Replay":[26],"(SCER)":[27],"spoofing":[28,36,89],"are":[30,92],"the":[31,63,67,74,82,86,88,105,116,132,155,168,173,180],"most":[32],"challenging":[33],"type":[34],"of":[35,62,69,85,104,157,164],"attacks,":[37],"as":[38],"these":[39],"may":[40],"be":[41],"problematic":[42],"even":[43],"future":[45],"GNSS":[46],"protection":[47,71],"systems,":[48],"like":[49,73],"Message":[51],"Authentication":[52,57],"(NMA)":[53],"Spreading":[55],"(SCA).":[58],"This":[59],"is":[60,118,135,146,151],"one":[61,75],"reasons":[64],"that":[65],"make":[66],"development":[68],"complementary":[70,138],"techniques,":[72],"proposed":[76,162],"in":[77,94,114],"this":[78],"work,":[79],"necessary.":[80],"In":[81],"first":[83],"part":[84],"paper,":[87],"SCER":[90,133,149],"analyzed":[93],"detail":[95],"GPS":[97,125],"and,":[98],"particularly,":[99],"Galileo.":[101],"The":[102],"role":[103],"Galileo":[106,127],"Pseudorandom":[107],"Noise":[108],"(PRN)":[109],"intra-satellite":[110],"non-orthogonality":[111],"distortion":[112],"term":[113],"hindering":[115],"discussed":[119],"detailed":[122],"comparison":[123],"between":[124],"expected":[128],"quality":[129],"curves":[130],"attack":[134],"provided.":[136],"A":[137],"detection":[139],"method":[140],"end-user":[142],"receivers":[143],"(assuming":[144],"NMA":[145],"used)":[147],"against":[148],"proposed,":[152],"based":[153],"application":[156],"machine":[158],"learning":[159],"set":[163],"features":[165],"extracted":[166],"from":[167],"receiver":[169],"search":[170],"space,":[171],"assuming":[172],"attacker":[174],"was":[175],"not":[176],"able":[177],"to":[178],"null":[179],"satellite":[181],"signal.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}