{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3022862112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2991129","title":"Fingerprinting-Based Indoor Localization With Commercial MMWave WiFi: A Deep Learning Approach","display_name":"Fingerprinting-Based Indoor Localization With Commercial MMWave WiFi: A Deep Learning Approach","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3022862112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2991129","mag":"3022862112"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2991129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2991129","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09081910.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09081910.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023338067","display_name":"Toshiaki Koike\u2013Akino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2578-5372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159266","display_name":"Mitsubishi Electric (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/053jnhe44","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306287861","https://openalex.org/I4210133125","https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toshiaki Koike-Akino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL), Cambridge, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2578-5372","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL), Cambridge, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100383518","display_name":"Pu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4718-3102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159266","display_name":"Mitsubishi Electric (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/053jnhe44","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306287861","https://openalex.org/I4210133125","https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL), Cambridge, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4718-3102","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL), Cambridge, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042113276","display_name":"Milutin Pajovic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5033-017X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159266","display_name":"Mitsubishi Electric (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/053jnhe44","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306287861","https://openalex.org/I4210133125","https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milutin Pajovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL), Cambridge, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL), Cambridge, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068479157","display_name":"Haijian Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0680-147X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183533211","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Whitewater","ror":"https://ror.org/049hrzs50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183533211"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haijian Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Wisconsin\u2013Whitewater, Whitewater, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Wisconsin\u2013Whitewater, Whitewater, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183533211"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044769104","display_name":"Philip V. Orlik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159266","display_name":"Mitsubishi Electric (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/053jnhe44","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306287861","https://openalex.org/I4210133125","https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip V. Orlik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL), Cambridge, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL), Cambridge, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.8569,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":108,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97202879,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"84879","last_page":"84892"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7758222818374634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.743147611618042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.6111063957214355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5646361112594604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.5280419588088989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.5251871347427368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-strength","display_name":"Signal strength","score":0.47802576422691345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4426981508731842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.4325181543827057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40809571743011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3799430727958679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3473604619503021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3404233157634735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2984372675418854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.2572171688079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.19039776921272278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.130631685256958}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7758222818374634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.743147611618042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.6111063957214355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5646361112594604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5280419588088989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.5251871347427368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176808163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105794","display_name":"Signal strength","level":3,"score":0.47802576422691345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4426981508731842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.4325181543827057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40809571743011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3799430727958679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3473604619503021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3404233157634735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2984372675418854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2572171688079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.19039776921272278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.130631685256958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2991129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2991129","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09081910.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:058cbd2550d44b56b9a5ee16b3ae4b42","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/058cbd2550d44b56b9a5ee16b3ae4b42","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 84879-84892 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2991129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2991129","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09081910.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3022862112.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3022862112.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994961964","https://openalex.org/W2007146523","https://openalex.org/W2016549506","https://openalex.org/W2054799039","https://openalex.org/W2060141207","https://openalex.org/W2062486942","https://openalex.org/W2100989187","https://openalex.org/W2105738738","https://openalex.org/W2108482152","https://openalex.org/W2117081152","https://openalex.org/W2129042888","https://openalex.org/W2134041135","https://openalex.org/W2135394914","https://openalex.org/W2144723957","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2227402067","https://openalex.org/W2278572312","https://openalex.org/W2289624614","https://openalex.org/W2307851164","https://openalex.org/W2309512289","https://openalex.org/W2326347197","https://openalex.org/W2327645608","https://openalex.org/W2345276999","https://openalex.org/W2469797310","https://openalex.org/W2527142536","https://openalex.org/W2527530399","https://openalex.org/W2551222976","https://openalex.org/W2552265749","https://openalex.org/W2580872720","https://openalex.org/W2593683299","https://openalex.org/W2599936006","https://openalex.org/W2611540227","https://openalex.org/W2613829964","https://openalex.org/W2749809371","https://openalex.org/W2753866421","https://openalex.org/W2754644100","https://openalex.org/W2767057835","https://openalex.org/W2788518751","https://openalex.org/W2791011781","https://openalex.org/W2792020330","https://openalex.org/W2793517739","https://openalex.org/W2797116568","https://openalex.org/W2799062425","https://openalex.org/W2809191403","https://openalex.org/W2827033964","https://openalex.org/W2886933259","https://openalex.org/W2922174720","https://openalex.org/W2938514801","https://openalex.org/W2949860773","https://openalex.org/W2959914300","https://openalex.org/W2964064295","https://openalex.org/W2972355358","https://openalex.org/W2979856235","https://openalex.org/W2980131869","https://openalex.org/W2980476016","https://openalex.org/W2981031975","https://openalex.org/W2981892815","https://openalex.org/W2996856852","https://openalex.org/W3009202881","https://openalex.org/W3009570630","https://openalex.org/W3010205642","https://openalex.org/W3106367563","https://openalex.org/W3121448773","https://openalex.org/W4237837794","https://openalex.org/W4244494905","https://openalex.org/W4253510307","https://openalex.org/W4254301692","https://openalex.org/W6698302138","https://openalex.org/W6746125501","https://openalex.org/W6748363653"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2102148524","https://openalex.org/W2339806289","https://openalex.org/W3008853525","https://openalex.org/W2314720829","https://openalex.org/W2368132270","https://openalex.org/W2173185020","https://openalex.org/W2946784807","https://openalex.org/W2986003362","https://openalex.org/W2151673354","https://openalex.org/W2074017997"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Existing":[0],"fingerprint-based":[1],"indoor":[2],"localization":[3],"uses":[4],"either":[5],"fine-grained":[6],"channel":[7,33,60],"state":[8],"information":[9],"(CSI)":[10],"from":[11],"the":[12,48,55,86,89,116,154],"physical":[13],"layer":[14],"or":[15],"coarse-grained":[16],"received":[17],"signal":[18],"strength":[19],"indicator":[20],"(RSSI)":[21],"measurements.":[22],"In":[23],"this":[24],"paper,":[25],"we":[26],"propose":[27],"to":[28,53],"use":[29],"a":[30,66,112],"mid-grained":[31],"intermediate-level":[32],"measurement":[34],"-":[35,52],"spatial":[36],"beam":[37],"signal-to-noise":[38],"ratios":[39],"(SNRs)":[40],"that":[41],"are":[42,62],"inherently":[43],"available":[44],"and":[45,80,127,137,159],"defined":[46],"in":[47],"IEEE":[49],"802.11ad/ay":[50],"standards":[51],"construct":[54],"fingerprinting":[56],"database.":[57],"These":[58],"intermediate":[59],"measurements":[61],"further":[63],"utilized":[64],"by":[65,94],"deep":[67],"learning":[68],"approach":[69],"for":[70,123,145,165],"multiple":[71],"purposes:":[72],"1)":[73],"location-only":[74],"classification;":[75,79],"2)":[76],"simultaneous":[77,124],"location-and-orientation":[78],"3)":[81],"direct":[82,146],"coordinate":[83,147],"estimation.":[84],"Furthermore,":[85],"effectiveness":[87],"of":[88,100,134,142,156,162],"framework":[90],"is":[91,118],"thoroughly":[92],"validated":[93],"an":[95,128,138],"in-house":[96],"experimental":[97],"platform":[98],"consisting":[99],"3":[101],"access":[102],"points":[103],"using":[104],"commercial-off-the-shelf":[105],"millimeter-wave":[106],"WiFi":[107],"routers.":[108],"The":[109],"results":[110],"show":[111],"100%":[113],"accuracy":[114],"if":[115],"location":[117],"only":[119],"interested,":[120],"about":[121],"99%":[122],"location-and-orientations":[125],"classification,":[126],"averaged":[129],"root":[130],"mean-square":[131],"error":[132,141,161],"(RMSE)":[133],"11.1":[135],"cm":[136,144,158,164],"average":[139],"median":[140,160],"9.5":[143],"estimate,":[148],"greater":[149],"than":[150],"2-fold":[151],"improvements":[152],"over":[153],"RMSE":[155],"28.7":[157],"23.6":[163],"RSSI-like":[166],"single":[167],"SNR-based":[168],"localization.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
