{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3019880883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2989267","title":"Analysis and Comparison of FPGA-Based Histogram of Oriented Gradients Implementations","display_name":"Analysis and Comparison of FPGA-Based Histogram of Oriented Gradients Implementations","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3019880883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2989267","mag":"3019880883"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2989267","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2989267","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09075241.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09075241.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084646437","display_name":"Sina Ghaffari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0489-3825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sina Ghaffari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0489-3825","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044809316","display_name":"Parastoo Soleimani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1842-3613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parastoo Soleimani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011071752","display_name":"Kin Fun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7950-1577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kin Fun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014807583","display_name":"David W. Capson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6981-780X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David W. Capson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.1198,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87480502,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"79920","last_page":"79934"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7747513651847839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.7707805633544922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5784181952476501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-matching","display_name":"Histogram matching","score":0.5687732696533203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.4965716004371643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4687488377094269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4615075886249542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-of-oriented-gradients","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","score":0.4251355230808258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4230199158191681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3548191785812378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2651218771934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.25648045539855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.12503501772880554}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7747513651847839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.7707805633544922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5784181952476501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127449775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3785871","display_name":"Histogram matching","level":4,"score":0.5687732696533203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.4965716004371643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4687488377094269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4615075886249542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17426736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419918","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","level":4,"score":0.4251355230808258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4230199158191681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3548191785812378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2651218771934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.25648045539855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.12503501772880554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2989267","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2989267","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09075241.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2cfe65cb8c3c47ee9560d3871bb2c648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2cfe65cb8c3c47ee9560d3871bb2c648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 79920-79934 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2989267","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2989267","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09075241.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1793018119","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"04787","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2151356856","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"36401","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310932","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3019880883.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3019880883.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1604612989","https://openalex.org/W1635597477","https://openalex.org/W1981182985","https://openalex.org/W1990863523","https://openalex.org/W1992914425","https://openalex.org/W2008967422","https://openalex.org/W2009295221","https://openalex.org/W2049443371","https://openalex.org/W2074091263","https://openalex.org/W2075645037","https://openalex.org/W2117015848","https://openalex.org/W2130931342","https://openalex.org/W2136789121","https://openalex.org/W2140093718","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2332464381","https://openalex.org/W2428342532","https://openalex.org/W2524712492","https://openalex.org/W2618386154","https://openalex.org/W2752450941","https://openalex.org/W2767833206","https://openalex.org/W2768315164","https://openalex.org/W2773065167","https://openalex.org/W2774659870","https://openalex.org/W2775811416","https://openalex.org/W2783044936","https://openalex.org/W2787108888","https://openalex.org/W2793830050","https://openalex.org/W2796688730","https://openalex.org/W2809870515","https://openalex.org/W2898731217","https://openalex.org/W2903651501","https://openalex.org/W2908294476","https://openalex.org/W2908636724","https://openalex.org/W2912314656","https://openalex.org/W2912846455","https://openalex.org/W2920535358","https://openalex.org/W2938100063","https://openalex.org/W2946490545","https://openalex.org/W2953175843","https://openalex.org/W2970576742","https://openalex.org/W2971075082","https://openalex.org/W2971839308","https://openalex.org/W3005480500","https://openalex.org/W4252084715","https://openalex.org/W4301751855","https://openalex.org/W6748174754"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2794704245","https://openalex.org/W2247097764","https://openalex.org/W2066185872","https://openalex.org/W1998334300","https://openalex.org/W2110241600","https://openalex.org/W2375849557","https://openalex.org/W2109325523","https://openalex.org/W2146297113","https://openalex.org/W2324508068","https://openalex.org/W2027335291"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0,31],"of":[1,13,29,64,67,70,80,83,117,125,163,180],"the":[2,11,17,35,65,68,77,81,91,96,115,118,123,161,171,175,181,185,212],"commonly-used":[3],"feature":[4],"extraction":[5],"algorithms":[6],"in":[7,90,108,177],"computer":[8],"vision":[9],"is":[10,37,114,139,174],"histogram":[12,69,82,162],"oriented":[14,71,84,164],"gradients.":[15],"Extracting":[16],"features":[18,158],"from":[19,49],"an":[20],"image":[21],"using":[22,188],"this":[23,40,57],"algorithm":[24,41,119],"requires":[25],"a":[26,62,189],"large":[27],"amount":[28],"computations.":[30],"way":[32],"to":[33,38,47,211],"boost":[34],"speed":[36,190,213],"implement":[39],"on":[42,86,160],"field":[43],"programmable":[44],"gate":[45,88],"arrays,":[46],"benefit":[48],"flexible":[50],"designs":[51],"such":[52],"as":[53],"parallel":[54],"computing.":[55],"In":[56],"paper,":[58],"we":[59,201],"first,":[60],"provide":[61,202],"summary":[63,204],"steps":[66,124],"gradients":[72,85,165],"algorithm.":[73,182],"We":[74,94,183],"then":[75],"survey":[76],"implementation":[78,208],"techniques":[79,98,142],"field-programmable":[87],"arrays":[89],"past":[92],"decade.":[93],"group":[95,113,155],"different":[97,186],"into":[99],"four":[100],"main":[101],"categories":[102],"and":[103,131,134,150,166,170,197,216],"analyze":[104],"various":[105],"enhancement":[106],"methods":[107],"each":[109],"category.":[110],"The":[111,136,153],"first":[112],"optimization":[116],"computation":[120],"which":[121,143],"involves":[122],"input":[126],"selection,":[127],"magnitude":[128],"calculation,":[129],"orientation":[130],"bin":[132],"assignment,":[133],"normalization.":[135],"second":[137],"category":[138],"data":[140,147],"manipulation":[141],"include":[144],"numerical":[145],"representation,":[146],"flow":[148],"modification,":[149],"memory":[151],"optimization.":[152],"third":[154],"contains":[156],"modified":[157],"based":[159],"their":[167],"hardware":[168],"implementation,":[169],"fourth":[172],"one":[173],"implementations":[176,187],"hardware-software":[178],"co-design":[179],"compare":[184],"metric":[191],"called":[192],"pixels":[193],"per":[194],"clock":[195],"cycle,":[196],"resource":[198,217],"utilization.":[199,218],"Finally,":[200],"design":[203],"tables":[205],"for":[206],"efficient":[207],"with":[209],"respect":[210],"metric,":[214],"accuracy,":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
